Abstract
Four nitrogen forms and four biofertilizer were application as well as their interactions on growth analysis of sugar beet (
Author Contributions
Copyright© 2018
MS Zaki,, et al.
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
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Introduction
World sugar production depends upon two main crops sugar cane and sugar beet. The percentage of recovered sugar out of cane and beet amount is about 70% and 30% of total world production of sugar, respectively. Sugar is considering a strategic commodity in many countries over the world. It comes after wheat from the strategic view for many countries in Africa, Europe, America and Australia. Sugar beet crop occupies ranked second in the production of sugar in the world. Egypt suffers from a gap between the consumed and produced sugar which reaches nearly one million ton So, Researchers are pressing hard to narrowing the gap between production and consumption through increasing horizontal and vertical expansion. As, it is difficult to increase the horizontal expansion in the old valley, so, that it is promising to try to cultivate this strategic crop in the newly reclaimed lands. These lands are characterized as sandy saline soil and high salinity irrigation water Also, the economic way of increasing sugar productivity could be achieved through developing appropriate new technology package for sugar beet crop that includes agronomic management to improve yield and quality of sugar beet ( The last three decades showed a gradual increase in sugar beet cultivation in Egypt. This is considered one of the important national targets to minimize the gap between production and consumption of sugar. The importance of sugar beet crop to agriculture is not only confined to sugar production, but also to its wide adaptability to grown in poor, saline, alkaline and calcareous soils. The crop is annual planting during the winter season from September till mid- November, and is highly adapted to grow in moderate saline soils especially in newly reclaimed land which has water shortage. There is high potential for using sugar beet to reducing the imported sugar from abroad Sugar beet ( The aim of this investigation studies the effect of nitrogen fertilization, organic and biofertilizer on growth rate of sugar beet crop under conditions of North Sinai.
Materials And Methods
Two field experiments were carried out at the Experimental Farm, Faculty of Environmental Agricultural Sciences (FEAS), EL-Arish, Arish University, North Sinai Governorate during two successive winter seasons of 2014-15 and 2015-16 sugar beet ( Seeds were sown at rate of 4 kg fed-1 on the fifth October in the first and second seasons. After one month, the plants were thinned to two plants per hill, and then were singled to one plant per hill after 45 days from sowing. Organic fertilization (Olive pomace) treatment was added at a rate of 97.26 kg fed-1 after sowing. The chemical analysis of olive pomace was shown in Drip irrigation system (4 L/hr) was used. The experiment site was irrigated immediately just after seeding and thereafter, irrigation every 3 days by underground saline water (3500 ppm) pumped from a well from sowing was applied. All The other cultural practices were practiced as recommended for sugar beet. Samples of the experimental soil mixture were taken before sowing of sugar beet for chemical and physical analysis of Average monthly of some meteorological data for Sinai (El-Arish region) during sugar beet growth duration (October - April) in two growing seasons of 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 are shown in RH = Relative humidity Random samples of five plants were taken from each sub plot after 120, 140, 160, 180 and 200 days from sowing which reflected the growth stages, i.e. initial, establishment, mid-season, late-season and ripening stages, respectively The growth analysis, viz. leaf area index (LAI), leaf area duration (LAD) in dm.2/week, relative growth rate (RGR) in g.g.-1d.-1 , crop growth rate (CGR) in g.day-1 and net assimilation rate (NAR) in g.dm-2.week-1 were computed according to Leaf area index (LAI) = leaf area (dm2/plant)/plant ground area (dm2). Leaf area duration (LAD) = (LA2 - LA1) * (T2- T1 ). dm.2/week Relative growth rate (RGR) = Loge W2 - Loge W1 / (T2 -T1) . g.g/week Net assimilation rate (NAR)= (W2- W1) (Loge A1-Loge A2)/ (A2 - A1)(T2-T1). g.dm-2.week Crop growth rate (CGR) = (W2 - W1) / (T2- T1 ). g/week Where .W1, A1 and W2, A2 refer to dry weight for top or root (g) and leaf area, respectively at time T1 and T2 (day or week). Experimental design was randomized complete block design. Data analyses using SAS
0.24
0.40
0.38
1.4
3.8
9.2
7.29
0.58
166
28.2
3.2
6.8
8489
49.6
Organic (Olive pomace)
Without biofertilizer ( Control )
(1.54%N)
Nitrogin biofertilizer (ntrobin 600gm/fed)
(97.26 kg N / fed )
Phosphat biofertilizer ( Phosphorine 300gm/ fed)
Nitrogin biofertilizer + Phosphat biofertilizer by rate 1:1
Without biofertilizer ( Control )
Urea (46.5% N)
Nitrogin biofertilizer (ntrobin 600gm/ fed )
(100kg N / fed )
Phosphat biofertilizer ( Phosphorine 300gm/ fed )
Nitrogin biofertilizer + Phosphat biofertilizerby rate 1:1
Without biofertilizer ( Control )
Ammonium nitrate
Nitrogin biofertilizer (ntrobin 600gm/ fed )
(33.5% N)
Phosphat biofertilizer ( Phosphorine 300gm/ fed)
(100kg N / fed)
Nitrogin biofertilizer + Phosphat biofertilizer by rate 1:1
Without biofertilizer ( Control )
Ammonium sulphate (20.6% N)
Nitrogin biofertilizer (ntrobin600gm/ fed )
(100kg N / fed)
Phosphat biofertilizer ( Phosphorine 300gm/ fed)
Nitrogin biofertilizer + Phosphat biofertilizer by rate 1:1
6.6
5.49
3500
17.22
19.17
19.29
.31
37.51
5.21
-
13.27
6.6
5.5
3514
19.21
18.87
14.87
2.14
39.51
2.41
-
13.09
60.28
58.26
19.66
17.74
11.39
4.361
8.67
9.64
Loamy sand
0.21
0.22
3.01
3.03
2.22
2.20
3.82
3.75
0.45
0.51
2.12
2.11
2.23
2.17
3.27
3.33
1.78
1.79
0.95
0.95
8.20
8.15
28.8
16.6
26.5
85.7
4.4
28.8
16.6
22.7
72
4.4
24.2
12.1
18.15
79.8
12.9
25.7
12.3
19
70
10.6
20.5
8.8
14.65
85.3
20
20.5
8.8
14.65
71
20
18.9
7.6
13.25
72
25.9
19.2
8.5
13.85
70
19
19.5
7.9
13.7
70
13.9
19.9
9.1
14.5
69
2.4
21.5
9.6
15.55
70
15.8
21.3
18.8
20.05
67
3.2
25.5
12
18.75
66
5.1
23.7
13.3
18.1
67
3.8
Results
The main objective of this chapter in the study is to show and explain the obtained results and their responses to the effect of nitrogen fertilizer forms, biofertilization treatments and their interaction in term of growth of sugar beet at different growth stages at 120,140, 160 and 180 days in 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 successive seasons. Leaf Area Index in response to nitrogen forms, biofertilization treatments and their interaction at 120, 140, 160 and 180 days during 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 seasons are marked down in Data listed in Means followed by the same letter within each column are not significantly different at 0.05 level of probability according to Duncan's multiple range test. where = not significant = significant =high significant Regarding the effect of biofertilization treatments the data in Means followed by the same letter within each column are not significantly different at 0.05 level of probability according to Duncan's multiple range test . where (Ntro + Phosph = Ntrobin + Phosphorine = not significant = significant & =high significant With regard to the effect of the interaction between nitrogen forms and biofertilization treatments on leaf area index were significant in the 1st season whereas, it were insignificant effect in 2nd season except at 160 days. The highest values from leaf area index were 87.70, 97.84, 224.05 and 306.21 achieved with urea treatment and ntrobin in the 1st season at 120, 140, 160 and 180 days, respectively, The highest values 238.90 from leaf area index was in 2nd season were produced with urea and phosphorine interaction at 160 days ( Means followed by the same letter within each column are not significantly different at 0.05 level of probability according to Duncan's multiple range test. where = not significant = significant & =high significant Means of crop growth rate (CGR) in g/day in response to nitrogen forms, biofertilization treatments and their interaction at (CGR1), (CGR2) and (CGR3) during 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 seasons are marked down in Crop growth rate (g/day) was significantly affected by nitrogen forms in the two seasons only ( Means followed by the same letter within each column are not significantly different at 0.05 level of probability according to Duncan's multiple range test.where = not significant = significant =high significant Means followed by the same letter within each column are not significantly different at 0.05 level of probability according to Duncan's multiplerange test. where = not significant = significant =high significant) Means followed by the same letter within each column are not significantly different at 0.05 level of probability according to Duncan's multiple range test. where = not significant = significant =high significant) Data in Concerning to the effect of nitrogen forms and biofertilization treatments interaction on crop growth rate (CGR) g/day, interaction resulted in the highest values of crop growth rate was 131.6 g/day at (CGR2) from urea with ntrobinin 1st season. However, the highest value was 32.23 g/day at (CGR2) from urea with phosphorine treatment in 2nd season. Data collected display the effect of nitrogen forms, biofertilization treatments and their interaction at (RGR1), (RGR2) and (RGR3) during 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 seasons are marked down in It is clearly seen that Relative growth rate (RGR) in g/week rate was insignificantly affected by nitrogen forms and bio fertilization treatments through both Concerning to the effect of nitrogen forms in ( Means followed by the same letter within each column are not significantly different at 0.05 level of probability according to Duncan's multiple range test. where = not significant = significant =high significant On the whole, there were insignificant differences in biofertilization treatments over planting dates in the two seasons except (RGR3) in both season, the highest value was 0.033, 0.091g/week in (RGR3) at two seasons in ( Means followed by the same letter within each column are not significantly different at 0.05 level of probability according to Duncan's multiple range test. where = not significant = significant =high significant) With regard to the effect of the interaction between nitrogen forms and biofertilization treatments on relative growth rate (RGR) were insignificant in both season except in (RGR3). The highest values from relative growth rate were 0.19 g/week achieved with ammonium sulphate and phosphorine bio fertilizer in the 1st season. While, in the 2nd season was 0.17 g/week with ammonium sulphate and ntrobin in ( Means followed by the same letter within each column are not significantly different at 0.05 level of probability according to Duncan's multiple range test. where = not significant = significant =high significant) Net assimilation rate (NAR) in response to nitrogen forms, biofertilization treatments and their interaction at (NAR1), (NAR2), (NAR3) and (NAR4) during 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 seasons are marked down in ( Means followed by the same letter within each column are not significantly different at 0.05 level of probability according to Duncan's multiple range test. where = not significant = significant =high significant Net assimilation rate(NAR) was insignificantly affected by biofertilization treatments through both seasons except at (NAR1) in the 1st season ( Means followed by the same letter within each column are not significantly different at 0.05 level of probability according to Duncan's multiple range test. where = not significant = significant =high significant) With regard to the effect of the interaction between nitrogen forms and biofertilization treatments on net assimilation ratewere significant in (NAR3) in both seasons and (NAR4) in the 1st season Means followed by the same letter within each column are not significantly different at 0.05 level of probability according to Duncan's multiple range test. where = not significant = significant =high significant) Data in Means followed by the same letter within each column are not significantly different at 0.05 level of probability according to Duncan's multiple range test. where = not significant = significant =high significant Means followed by the same letter within each column are not significantly different at 0.05 level of probability according to Duncan's multiple range test .where = not significant = significant =high significant) Means followed by the same letter within each column are not significantly different at 0.05 level of probability according to Duncan's multiple range test.where = not significant = significant =high significant) The leaf area duration was insignificantly affected by nitrogen forms treatments through both seasons except in (LAD2), (LAD3) in the 2nd season. The highest leaf area duration was 0.37 and 0.40 dm2/week achieved due to urea as compared with the others treatment. However the lowest one was 0.24 and 0.26 dm2/week with the olive pomace Concerning the effect of biofertilization treatments on leaf area duration, it showed an insignificant role at both seasons except in (LAD4) in the 1st season. The highest leaf area duration was 0.66dm2/week achieved with phosphorine treatment compared with the others treatment. However, the lowest one was 0.11 dm2/week with the control treatment ( With regard to the effect of the interaction between nitrogen forms and biofertilization treatments on leaf area duration (dm2/week) were significant in 1st season except in (LAD1)
Treatments
50.48b
66.29b
117.1b
140.5
37.95
47.83
128.8b
131.5
69.71a
81.32a
166.5a
164.8
44.24
96.14
149.9a
248.9
65.19ab
72.67ab
138.1ab
212.3
58.57
68.13
160.6a
244.7
66.76ab
80.39a
140.2ab
176.6
42.84
73.66
139.1ab
248.3
Treatments
55.80
69.39ab
113.5b
131.5b
38.31
40.37
121.5b
167.6
71.55
86.24a
160.7a
225.5a
43.04
76.69
195.5a
294.2
62.69
84.03ab
158.2a
191.9ab
49.53
64.86
161.9ab
209.5
62.13
71.02ab
129.5ab
145.2b
51.64
47.50
125.2b
260.1
Treatments
41.87b
71.91ab
110.8b
95.15b
37.54
71.62
96.39c
130.6
55.41ab
72.22ab
172.6ab
186.2ab
43.25
75.42
132.4bc
212.8
48.23ab
93.24a
164.5ab
163.9ab
49.43
73.70
178.4bc
218.2
56.45ab
87.92ab
112.9b
116.5b
38.89
78.42
142.07bc
312.6
62.12ab
68.22ab
115.1b
147.3ab
30.73
70.50
119.0a-c
157.6
87.70a
97.84a
224.0a
306.2a
39.10
86.14
149.7bc
270.4
68.55ab
93.83a
176.0ab
229.7ab
44.20
72.20
238.9a
221.9
64.47ab
71.69ab
151.0ab
166.2ab
36.72
78.43
153.1ab
217.2
52.45ab
62.77ab
120.3b
132.9ab
47.87
68.89
117.5a-c
284.1
79.90a
79.41ab
134.2ab
219.6ab
48.43
75.06
122.1a-c
310.9
66.86ab
81.10ab
152.6ab
185.4ab
68.50
76.84
120.5a-c
428.7
67.85ab
67.43ab
145.3ab
168.3ab
71.00
88.66
118.6a-c
201.6
62.08ab
60.52b
111.0b
129.7ab
32.25
68.09
118.7a-c
116.1
83.18a
65.50ab
112.0b
190.0ab
37.85
71.56
140.2bc
377.4
67.11ab
67.97ab
139.6ab
188.7ab
56.80
73.16
151.2bc
259.4
64.41ab
71.21ab
105.7b
150.9ab
50.80
85.64
132.5a-c
207.0
27.53b
56.16b
-33.79c
-2.98d
6.32b
-4.48b
33.10b
93.24a
13.50a
15.41a
17.08a
5.17a
39.16a
83.41ab
-26.07c
12.76ab
10.76ab
-2.95b
38.37a
73.05b
-4.17b
3.11c
10.82ab
-0.46b
28.72ab
96.55a
-33.91c
11.23a
7.57
-7.21c
39.10a
99.06a
-18.44b
11.26a
11.65
10.81a
35.87ab
59.82b
14.18a
9.23a
13.07
-8.21c
30.48ab
64.44b
-12.37b
-3.42b
12.69
1.88b
NS
CGR1
CGR2
CGR3
CGR1
CGR2
CGR3
25.51ab
22.76b
-60.95b
-0.75ab
8.42ab
-12.97a-c
26.50ab
97.57ab
-41.48b
9.99ab
12.83ab
0.06a-c
48.89ab
111.6ab
-7.02b
1.30ab
10.03ab
-8.78a-c
52.60a
60.24ab
-25.71b
1.91ab
12.04ab
3.73a-c
19.81b
51.46ab
-58.5b
3.50ab
3.00ab
-15.81a-c
41.99ab
131.1a
-17.98b
15.77a
9.39ab
16.43a
42.09ab
107.2ab
-24.4ab
20.36a
32.28a
10.25a-c
36.78ab
75.02ab
-3.40ab
22.00a
23.67a
-22.69bc
22.56ab
63.83ab
-24.72
4.58ab
0.97b
-24.92c
24.78ab
95.96ab
8.77ab
11.20ab
19.58ab
12.77ab
29.29ab
94.6ab
8.84ab
17.69a
17.83ab
5.13a-c
33.54ab
79.25ab
-9.58
17.57a
4.67ab
5.16abc
21.63ab
14.63b
-44.45
7.95ab
1.05ab
6.53a-c
26.87ab
93.61ab
79.32a
25.50a
4.83ab
7.42a-c
40.82ab
73.16ab
14.76ab
13.81a
9.03ab
20.17a
43.10ab
43.25ab
4.36ab
18.81a
10.39ab
14.47a
0.160
0.161
-0.009b
-0.053
0.068
-0.009
0.180
0.234
0.036a
-0.053
0.090
-0.003
0.200
0.247
-0.050b
-0.049
0.075
-0.004
0.210
0.197
-0.075b
-0.041
0.062
-0.007
0.150
0.175
-0.066b
-0.060
0.071
-0.003b
0.200
0.253
-0.041b
-0.034
0.089
-0.010b
0.220
0.217
0.033a
-0.055
0.056
0.091a
0.180
0.195
-0.024b
-0.048
0.080
-0.096b
RGR1
RGR2
RGR3
RGR1
RGR2
RGR3
0.15
0.08
-0.08ab
-0.64
0.78
0.01ab
0.27
0.27
-0.11b
-0.44
0.14
0.03ab
0.23
0.26
-0.04ab
0.01
0.78
0.05ab
0.17
0.16
-0.04ab
-0.60
0.80
0.14ab
0.10
0.11
-0.08ab
-0.73
0.10
-0.23b
0.22
0.28
-0.07ab
-0.68
0.96
0.12a
0.24
0.29
-0.04ab
-0.50
0.87
0.07ab
0.25
0.23
-0.01ab
-0.22
0.76
-0.14ab
0.12
0.18
-0.05ab
-0.70
0.10
-0.23b
0.13
0.28
0.01ab
-0.39
0.65
0.12a
0.17
0.26
-0.02ab
-0.58
0.79
0.03ab
0.22
0.25
0.02ab
-0.31
0.57
0.04ab
0.11
0.05
-0.11b
-0.58
0.49
-0.08ab
0.15
0.26
0.04ab
-0.27
0.75
0.17a
0.24
0.19
0.19a
-0.53
0.77
-0.40ab
0.24
0.13
0.01ab
-0.74
0.70
0.09ab
0.36
0.48
-0.04
0.17
-0.08
0.08
-0.12
0.56
0.47
0.61
-0.16
0.40
0.25
0.20
0.04
0.69
0.39
0.67
-0.02
0.19
0.15
0.17
0.01
0.70
0.41
0.49
-0.13
0.50
0.04
0.12
0.08
0.75
0.33
0.47
-0.12
0.25b
0.09
0.09
-0.05
0.35
0.41
0.67
-0.04
0.66a
0.19
0.16
-0.10
0.71
0.49
0.56
-0.13
0.11b
0.16
0.16
-0.15
0.82
0.40
0.54
-0.06
0.23b
-0.08
0.15
-0.11
0.83
0.33
0.16
-0.18b
0.09bc
-0.06
0.15
-0.01ab
0.59
0.58
0.67
-0.26b
0.17bc
0.15
0.20
-0.21ab
0.71
0.58
0.70
-0.09b
0.43abc
0.04
0.24
-0.35b
0.82
0.37
0.40
-0.12b
0.90ab
0.02
0.21
0.10ab
0.66
0.23
0.28
-0.06b
0.04bc
0.05
-0.01
-0.16ab
0.18
0.46
0.69
-0.12b
0.16bc
0.29
0.14
0.22ab
0.43
0.43
0.82
0.04b
0.32bc
0.26
0.32
0.18ab
1.23
0.45
0.65
-0.08b
0.21bc
0.39
0.25
-0.22ab
0.94
0.29
0.48
-0.05b
-0.18c
0.07
0.01
-0.30ab
0.23
0.29
0.72
0.06b
0.15bc
0.15
0.27
0.21ab
1.08
0.38
0.77
0.06b
0.36bc
0.17
0.17
0.08ab
0.56
0.47
0.72
-0.15b
0.35bc
0.23
0.03
0.07ab
0.39
0.24
0.15
-0.25b
-0.01bc
-0.89
-0.09
-0.12ab
0.15
0.33
0.87
0.12b
0.53abc
0.17
0.06
0.24a
0.85
0.54
0.56
0.63a
0.13bc
0.26
0.14
0.02ab
0.67
0.54
0.38
0.04b
1.34a
0.13
0.12
0.19ab
1.32
0.04
0.06
0.10
0.08
0.29
0.24b
0.26b
0.22
0.05
0.08
0.14
0.11
0.29
0.37a
0.40a
0.23
0.05
0.09
0.11
0.10
0.36
0.35a
0.39a
0.30
0.05
0.07
0.10
0.10
0.31
0.34a
0.37ab
0.30
0.33
0.47
-0.06
0.11b
0.08
0.09
-0.05
0.35
0.41
0.67
-0.12
0.25b
0.19
0.16
-0.10
0.71
0.49
0.56
-0.04
0.66a
0.16
0.16
-0.15
0.82
0.40
0.54
-0.13
0.23b
0.09
0.15
-0.11
0.83
LAD1
LAD2
LAD3
LAD4
LAD1
LAD2
LAD3
LAD4
0.04
0.06cd
0.07b
0.06b
0.22b
0.23
0.24
0.16d
0.05
0.09a-d
0.13ab
0.10ab
0.25ab
0.26
0.28
0.21b-d
0.05
0.09a-c
0.12ab
0.09ab
0.27ab
0.24
0.26
0.23b-d
0.05
0.07b-d
0.08b
0.08b
0.25ab
0.24
0.29
0.28b-d
0.05
0.07cd
0.09b
0.08b
0.22b
0.32
0.34
0.20cd
0.06
0.11a
0.19a
0.15a
0.31ab
0.33
0.38
0.24b-d
0.06
0.10ab
0.15ab
0.11ab
0.28ab
0.43
0.44
0.26b-d
0.05
0.08b-d
0.11ab
0.10ab
0.28ab
0.44
0.47
0.23b-d
0.04
0.06cd
0.09b
0.09ab
0.28ab
0.29
0.32
0.22b-d
0.06
0.08b-d
0.13ab
0.11ab
0.31ab
0.34
0.40
0.34a-c
0.05
0.07b-d
0.12ab
0.10ab
0.44a
0.40
0.36
0.30a-d
0.06
0.08b-d
0.11b
0.09ab
0.39ab
0.39
0.48
0.36ab
0.05
0.06cd
0.09b
0.08b
0.22b
0.27
0.28
0.22b-d
0.06
0.07b-d
0.12ab
0.11ab
0.26ab
0.29
0.42
0.43a
0.05
0.06d
0.11b
0.11ab
0.36ab
0.37
0.35
0.26b-d
0.05
0.06cd
0.09b
0.09b
0.41ab
0.44
0.45
0.31a-c