Cataract surgery is the operative removal of the eye's clouded crystalline lens and its replacement with an artificial intraocular lens to restore clear vision. A cataract is the opacification of the natural lens, most commonly age-related, that progressively scatters and blocks light and degrades visual acuity. Mod…
Cataract surgery is the operative removal of the eye's clouded crystalline lens and its replacement with an artificial intraocular lens to restore clear vision. A cataract is the opacification of the natural lens, most commonly age-related, that progressively scatters and blocks light and degrades visual acuity. Modern surgery is typically performed by phacoemulsification, in which ultrasonic energy fragments the lens through a small incision before the fragments are aspirated and a foldable intraocular lens is implanted, allowing rapid visual recovery with minimal disruption to ocular tissues. Advances in the field have refined nearly every stage of the procedure. Femtosecond laser technology enables precise, reproducible capsulotomy, lens fragmentation, and corneal incisions; refined incision design and placement on the steep corneal axis can address pre-existing astigmatism; and developments in intraocular lens design extend correction to eyes lacking adequate capsular support. Continued progress in lens optics, biometry, and surgical instrumentation aims to improve refractive predictability, reduce complications, and broaden the range of patients who can be treated. Because the procedure involves transient changes in intraocular pressure and a controlled inflammatory response, attention to perioperative management of pressure and inflammation is integral to safe outcomes. As one of the most frequently performed operations in medicine, cataract surgery remains a focus of ongoing technological and clinical innovation in ophthalmology.
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