Open Access Pub publishes peer-reviewed, free-to-read open-access articles. Showing
articles matching temperature — open any to read the full text,
or download the PDF or XML.
Feb 2022 DOI 10.14302/issn.2471-2140.jaa-22-4083
Sasaki MitsuruCorresponding author
Institute of Industrial Nanomaterials (IINa), Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan.
Convection dryers are the most affordable and most commonly used dryers for processing of agricultural products. However, since the temperature is high or the drying time is long, materials such as fruits and vegetables may turn brown and the nutrients deteriorate, therefore this method is not suitable for the production of dry powders for fruits and vegetables, which are expected to have bright colors and nutritional functions. Low temperature drying (LTD) has made it possible to produce strawberry dry powder with the equivalent functional components as powder by vacuum freeze drying (FD). In addition, the processing time is shorter and the cost is lower than vacuum FD. In this study, we demonstrate the superiority of LTD by comparing the quality and microstructure of strawberry powders produced by LTD and vacuum FD.
Oct 2020 DOI 10.14302/issn.2377-2549.jndc-20-3534
Hari Venkateswara Rao C.Corresponding author
Ph.D Scholar, Mechanical Engg. Dept., UCE, Osmania University, Hyderabad – 07
In this article I am explaining the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation study on shell made of Composite material when subject to Temperatures above 3000ºC. In this analysis a shell is made of the composite structure with all the properties defines as of the Carbon Phenolic materials and is subjected to temperatures of 3000ºC and the flow pattern over the surface is studied and the velocity gradients on the shell when travelling with such high speeds and temperatures are studied. This simulation study can be used to predict the flow simulation in various applications of heat transmission. This CFD simulation study results are useful to make a CP composite material for better thermal applications in aerospace industry.
Dec 2017 DOI 10.14302/issn.3070-5657.je-17-1759
Girondot MarcCorresponding author
Laboratoire Écologie, Systématique et Évolution (UMR8079), Faculté des Sciences d’Orsay, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France
Olive ridleys (Lepidochelys olivacea) and loggerheads (Caretta caretta) are two closely phylogenetically related sea turtles that nest in very different thermal habitat. Olive ridleys nest in pan-tropical beaches whereas loggerheads nest in more temperate beaches. In the context of climate change, the temperature in temperate beaches will increase much more than for tropical beach due to buffering effect of air humidity in the later. We have determined the thermal reaction norm for embryonic growth in both species using field records of incubation temperatures and incubation length from loggerheads in Western Mediterranean Sea or olive ridleys from Pacific coast of Guatemala. We show that the optimum temperature for the growth of embryos is lower for loggerheads than for olive ridleys. This makes loggerhead turtles particularly sensitive to increase of beach temperature as it is expected due to effect of global warming in temperature regions. Furthermore, olive ridleys are more resilient to increase of temperatures and should not suffer from sublethal incubation temperatures.
Jun 2017 DOI 10.14302/issn.2835-2165.jfsh-17-1556
Demissew AyalewCorresponding author
Amhara Regional Agricultural Research Institute
Beer is typically brewed from four basic ingredients (water, a starch source, brewer’s yeast and flavoring agent such as hops). In Ethiopian case hops are coasty ingredient of beer which is imported with hard currency of the country. But this flavoring agent (hops) in beer production can also be substituted by locally available flavouring agent called gesho “Rhamuns Prinoide” leaf. In this study the effect of drying temperature and time on brewing components of gesho “Rhamuns Prinoide” leaf was examined using oven dryer. Brewing components of gesho “Rhamuns Prinoide” leaf were compared by taking the commercial hop brewing component as a standard. Drying temperature and time have a significant effect (P< 0.05) on major beer brewing components (Resin, Hop oil, Polyphenol, Mineral and Protein) of gesho leaf. Not only drying temperature and time but also the interaction effect has significant effect on these major brewing components of the leaf. The optimal drying temperature and time of gesho leaf was also determined to commercialize the gesho leaf powder or pellet as hop substitute in commercial beer brewers as flavouring
Jul 2016 DOI 10.14302/issn.2473-1005.jdoi-16-1080
Guenka Palma-Dibb ReginaCorresponding author
Department of Restorative Dentistry, Ribeirão Preto School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo. Av. Café, s/nº - CEP: 14040-904 - Monte Alegre. Ribeirão Preto – SP, Brazil.
When a composite resin restoration is photopolymerized, a considerable amount of heat can be produced, potentially causing pulpal injury. Objective: Evaluate the influence of the type of light source and remaining dentin thickness on the temperature increase in the pulp chamber while curing composite resin restorations. Material and Methods: Ninety-six tooth fragments obtained from bovine incisors were divided into groups/subgroups (n=12), according to the light source (LED and halogen light) and remaining dentin thickness (3.5, 3, 2, and 1mm). Class I cavities were prepared and restored with a composite resin. A temperature increase was obtained during photopolymerization of the adhesive and each composite increment. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Fisher’s Test (α=5%). Results: LED promoted higher temperature increments when compared with the halogen light. Temperature levels were the lowest for 3.5mm-thick and the highest for 1mm-thick remaining dentin. Levels registered during the photopolymerization of each composite increment were superior for LED. Conclusions: Both light sources result in temperature increases above 5.5°C. Additionally, the remaining dentin thickness of 1mm promoted the largest temperature increase.
May 2026 DOI 10.14302/issn.2642-3146.jec-26-6199
Chung Kung-MingCorresponding author
Solar thermal heating is a mature technology for producing hot water in the domestic sector. Industrial processes require significant heat, so solar water heaters can be used for pre-heating. A forced- circulation solar water heater is installed in a feed plant that is located south of the Tropic of Cancer. The thermal efficiency of the system is closely related to the incident solar radiation. This study uses a two-stage setting for a thermostat to collect more solar energy if incident solar radiation is less intense. When the temperature difference between the water storage tank and the water outlet for the solar collectors (setting of a thermostat from 6° to 8°C) increases, there are more energy savings. The simple payback period for the system is 2.05 years, so it is financially viable to use a solar water heater for industrial heat processes. Excessive carbon emissions resulting from industry processes are a main cause of global warming. Carbon tax can be used as a central climate policy instrument for carbon reduction. The government of Taiwan stipulates the legal foundation for levying carbon fees in 2025. The carbon emissions and carbon tax for the feed plant are described to prompt the case for sustainability.
Dec 2025 DOI 10.14302/issn.2694-2275.jzr-25-5595
S GopalakrishnanCorresponding author
Andipalayam Lake, a freshwater body located in Tiruppur, Tamil Nadu, plays a significant role in sustaining the local ecosystem, particularly through its diverse insect populations. This study aims to document and analyze the insect biodiversity present in and around Andipalayam Lake, focusing on the ecological roles these species play in maintaining the lake’s health. Insects are key components of aquatic ecosystems, contributing to processes such as pollination and nutrient cycling and serving as prey for higher trophic levels. Despite their ecological importance, studies on the insect biodiversity of Andipalayam Lake have been limited, prompting the need for an extensive survey. This research employed a combination of sweep nets, pitfall traps, and light traps to collect insect species over a year, covering various seasons to capture population dynamics and seasonal variations. Water quality parameters, such as temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen, were monitored to assess their influence on insect diversity. The study identified over 38 species of insects from diverse orders, including Odonata (dragonflies), Diptera (flies), Coleoptera (beetles), and Hemiptera (true bugs). Seasonal variations were observed, with higher species richness during the monsoon period due to increased vegetation and moisture levels. The most abundant species were found to belong to Diptera and Coleoptera, indicating their adaptability to fluctuating water levels. Environmental factors such as pollution from nearby agricultural runoff and urban development were found to negatively affect insect diversity, with a notable decline in sensitive species during periods of increased contamination.
Dec 2025 DOI 10.14302/issn.2639-3166.jar-24-5295
G. Verzhuk V.Corresponding author
The present study of the reproductive ability of currant and gooseberry hybrids after long-term cryopreservation of pollen in liquid nitrogen is of enormous importance for organizing the conservation of the diversity of this crop. Four distant interspecific hybrids of currant and gooseberry served as objects of the study. The pollen fertilizing ability was studied by pollination of allotetraploid Jošta with pollen of tetraploid hybrids stored for a year at ultra-low temperatures (–196°C) and freshly collected pollen (control pollination). Berry set in 2022, when pollinated with cryopreserved pollen, averaged 56.4% and was higher than in the control pollination (38.2%). In 2023, the number of berries set on average for all cross combinations in the experiment was also quite high (59.6%), but lower than in the pollination control (81.4%), which can be explained by unfavorable weather conditions during pollen collection in the year of establishment (2022). The obtained data specify that pollen of the allotetraploids does not lose its high fertilizing ability during its long-term cryopreservation. Berry setting, average berry weight and seed production are quite high and comparable to pollination with freshly collected pollen (control pollination variant). Seed germination and values of morphometric parameters of seedlings obtained from pollination with cryopreserved and freshly collected pollen in most cases have close values. Cryopreservation of pollen of currant-gooseberry hybrids for a year and more allows to preserve pollen for successful pollination and berry formation and is a reliable way to preserve germplasm.
Dec 2025 DOI 10.14302/issn.2769-2264.jw-24-4937
Otchere BernardCorresponding author
Access to potable and quality water in most rural communities is low such that over 2.2 billion people worldwide are negatively affected. The increasing population in Fiapre and the inconsistent water supply by the Ghana Water Company Limited (GWCL) have forced most residents to resort to alternative groundwater sources such as boreholes, wells, etc. Yet, many residents use these sources of water unaware of the quality of the water and its potential health implications. This study assessed drinking water quality in Fiapre by calculating its Weight Average Water Quality Index (WAWQI) and investigating potential risk factors associated with contamination through a cross-sectional study and laboratory analysis of various physicochemical and microbiological water quality parameters. WAWQI was used to compute parameters using 10 factors including pH, electrical conductivity, temperature, TDS, phosphate, chloride, total hardness, nitrate, alkalinity, and faecal coliform. The findings revealed that the pH level of water, phosphate concentration, and fecal coliform count surpassed the recommended thresholds set by the World Health Organization (WHO) for safe drinking water. Although levels of electrical conductivity, TDS, nitrate, total hardness, and chlorine kept changing from one water source to another, the difference was not significant apart from phosphate and fecal coliform which shows a significant difference between the sachet water sources and other water sources (P<0.05). The study outcomes demonstrated that the overall water quality is predominantly categorized as good to fairly good, with the highest Water Quality Index (WQI) value reaching 87.84% and the lowest recorded at 54.81%. Therefore, to improve the water quality in the municipality, local management agencies should pay attention to the microbiological quality of the water sources. The study recommends regular handwashing practices, hygienic surroundings of the water source, and drinking water treatment to reduce the possible risk factors associated with the contamination of the water sources.
Nov 2025 DOI 10.14302/issn.3070-3379.jwc-25-5549
Chukwuma Sr ChrysanthusCorresponding author
This short communication/mini-review immensely emphasizes human health to explicate and elucidate management of the global scourge associated with the determinants and impact of vulnerabilities to extreme hydrologic events and climate change in the absence of risk reduction and their concomitant sequelae. The most effective approach for risk reduction associated with biodiversity, environmental, and health vulnerabilities due to climate change and extreme hydrological events, an ecological framework must take into cognizance exposure, vulnerability, and resilience. This framework emphasizes the significance of understanding the inextricable linkage between ecosystems and human communities are exposed and susceptible to hazards, sensitivity to these hazards, and capacity to cope, adapt and recuperate. Risk reduction incorporates structurally attenuating exposure, strengthening resilience, and sustainably enhancing overall vulnerability management. Extreme weather and climate-associated incidents impinge on human health with consequential morbidity, mortality and socioeconomic challenges and constraints. Climate change and extreme event have altered the frequency, intensity, geographic distribution, and propensity as drivers for change in the future. The indicted variables include hydrological events, such as precipitation, floods and droughts as well as heat waves, wildfires, global warming, extreme temperatures, and hurricanes. The pathways inextricably-linked with extreme events to economic dissipation, human health prognosis and outcomes remain inexplicably diverse and complex; and thus, difficult to predict due to their emergence and reemergence from local, societal and environmental factors which influence disease burden.
Oct 2025 DOI 10.14302/issn.3070-3360.ijco-24-5294
Adhikari RameshwarCorresponding author
Ayurveda is a traditional and scholarly medical system practiced in South Asia since the Vedic period. It integrates science and philosophy to promote a healthy, happy and prosperous life. Ayurvedicbhasmas are classical formulations that contain non-toxic forms of metals and minerals, enriched with therapeutic metabolites. These bhasmas are produced through repeated trituration of metals and minerals with the extracts from potent Ayurvedic herbs, followed by intense heating at temperatures above 650 °C. The preparation process of bhasmas closely resemble top-down approach in nanoparticle synthesis, resulting in very fine calcined nano-powders. These powders are used effectively in Ayurvedic treatments for various ailments, particularly chronic diseases. Recent studies have highlighted that bhasmas possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral and antitumor properties and may serve as potential carriers for drug delivery. This paper aims to compare bhasma particles prepared by traditional and modern methods, explore the therapeutic benefits of different bhasmas, and investigate the nanomedicinal features of various Ayurvedicbhasmas.
Jul 2025 DOI 10.14302/issn.2766-869X.jfd-25-3841
Jangid RenuCorresponding author
Soil is a natural habitat and ecosystem for microorganisms, including bacteria and fungi. Mostly keratinophilic fungi are found in soil, use keratin as a growth substrate, and are essential to the natural degradation of keratin waste. These fungi include dermatophytes, a potential source of infectious diseases in humans and animals and cause dermatophytosis. One hundred thirty-six soil samples were collected from several sites including animal habitats in Ajmer district, Rajasthan, India. The soil samples were used for the study of keratinophilic fungi related to species richness, abundance, and diversity. The Physio-chemical properties of collected soil samples were analyzed and examined in soil microflora for temperature, pH, and macronutrients including nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Ninety-eight soil samples (72%) showed positive results for the keratinophilic fungal isolates. The isolated fungal species belonging to eight genera and seventeen species included Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, A. fumigatus, Chrysosporium tropicum, Microsporum gypseum, M. canis, Fusarium solani, F. oxysporum, F. verticilloides, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, T. rubrum, T. tonsurans, T. terrestre, T. equinum, Penicillium, Mucor circinelloides, and Blastomyces. The temperature recorded for keratinophilic fungi ranged between 25℃ and 37℃ and pH was found in the range of 7.0 to 8.5. The fungal community was dominated by the order Onygenales followed by Eurotiales and Hypocreales belonging to the phylum Ascomycota.
Jun 2025 DOI 10.14302/issn.2766-8681.jcsr-25-5555
Natasha Dharmakusumah TaniaCorresponding author
The roof of an HCl fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) chemical tank failed by accident after it had been operated for less than its expected lifetime. A possible cause is the change in day and night temperature, which lead to the cyclic change in the concentration of HCl vapor in contact with roof part. To investigate this possibility, a detailed analysis on the durability of the material exposed to cyclic solution concentration is required. In this research, vinyl ester-glass fiber composite specimens were exposed to 35 mass % and 0 mass% of HCl alternately at 40°C to replicate cyclic concentration exposure in both the vapor and liquid phases. The mass uptake and penetration depth of HCl as well as the strength loss of the material were investigated. Mass uptake and thickness change in vapor phase shows two times higher than liquid phase, at 3.5% and 6% respectively. This occurs due to differences in the concentration of solutions that diffuse to the specimen in the vapor phase and liquid phase. This phenomenon arises from variations in the concentration of solutions that diffuse to the specimen in both vapor and liquid phases. The diffusion process is facilitated by osmotic pressure, leading to material swelling and contributing to their degradation. The result of flexural strength measurement of specimens indicated a decreasing trend as exposure time increased. The flexural strength decreases by up to 36% due to plasticization. The Cl and water content profile in specimens that obtained from elemental mapping of cross-sections using Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) are enhancing the study on how materials degrade, which may be a reason for damage to FRP tank roofs.
Sep 2024 DOI 10.14302/issn.3070-3379.jwc-24-5199
Fidele NizeyimanaCorresponding author
Rwanda is a small Central African country. A land with thousands of hills and mountains. It is a low-income country and one of Africa's fastest-growing economies. It is home to a variety of ecosystems, such as mountainous rainforests, gallery forests, savanna woodlands, wetlands, aquatic forests, and agroecosystems. From rising temperatures to changing rainfall patterns, the hidden dangers of climate change are unmasking themselves in the form of various health risks. Every year, many deaths, bodily injuries, and house collapses, among other repercussions, are documented as detrimental effects of climate change events on public health. This article delves into the intricate relationship between climate change and public health in Rwanda, exploring the adverse effects it has on vulnerable communities. By shedding light on this pressing issue, we can better understand the urgency of taking action to mitigate the impact of climate change on public health as well as potential solutions to the current predicament. The authors researched several literatures to develop their perspectives on the subject and explored potential solutions to protect the well-being of Rwandans in the face of this global crisis.
Jul 2024 DOI 10.14302/issn.3070-3379.jwc-24-5072
Gobato RicardoCorresponding author
Extratropical cyclones are common in the South Atlantic. They generally arise with the passage of cold fronts to the south of the South American continent, crossing the south of Chile and Argentina, in the regions of Puerto Natales, Punta Arenas (Chile), Rio Galegos, Rio Grande, El Calafate and Ushuaia (Argentina). The extratropical cyclone analyzed presented at its peak the very characteristic shape of a Chinese dragon. Other cyclones in the form of a Cote's spiral curve are part of this analysis (Gobato et al., 2018-2023). They present a mathematical form of a double Cotes Spiral curve. Here called the Dragonhead cyclone, indicate a structural similarity with spiral galaxies, especially NGC 5247, in the constellation Virgo. With an area of influence and a size of around 3,247 thousand km2 at its peak, it moved quickly in a west-northwest (WNW) direction, with an average speed of 76 km/h, with winds of 84 km/h at 100 km from the nucleus, as it passed north of the Falkland Islands (Malvinas Islands). The cyclone temperature during its trajectory varies from -45ºC to -50ºC at its edge, while at its core it varies between -10ºC to -25ºC. In the data collected (Gobato et al., 2018-2023), and analyzed from the Dragonhead cyclone, it is clear that all extratropical cyclones that appear south of the South American continent, below 40° latitude, have the shape of a spiral curve, like the spiral galaxy. Most of these are in the form of a double Cote’s spiral curve.
Dec 2023 DOI 10.14302/issn.2690-4829.jen-23-4799
Gartner PatriziaCorresponding author
Polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) technologies hold promise for sustainable energy solutions, yet pinhole-related challenges persist. Our research introduces a novel biohybrid approach to self-healing, enhancing multiple healing cycles with minimal membrane disruption. Initial steps involve immobilizing enzymes on a polymeric membrane. This study establishes the immobilization process and analytical framework through enzyme immobilization on polypropylene. Applicability and stability are investigated, laying groundwork for potential Nafion™ applications and advancing climate neutral energy. Qualitative analysis employs colorimetric p-NPA assay on polypropylene-immobilized lipase from Candida rugosa (CRL) and Lipase B from Candida antarctica (CALB). Both enzymes hold their temperature optimum at 50°C which is increased by 10°C via immobilization. Diisopropylcarbodiimide (DIC) is optimal for immobilization. Synchronous enzyme and DIC addition is advantageous. After 8 reuse cycles, immobilized enzymes retain 54.3% residual activity. Immobilizates exposed to PEM fuel cell conditions show better stability due to covalent immobilization than free CRL. Yet, declines occur under stressors like 60 °C and concentrated alcohol. Immobilizates remain resilient at pH 3 and under oxidizing as well as reducing conditions constituted by varied gas atmospheres. Considering PEM fuel cells' operational range, in-depth investigations across conditions are vital. Future studies target long-term PEM fuel cell lifespans, focusing on extremophilic enzymes or modifications for high-temperature stability. Subsequently, the transferability of the immobilization method to Nafion™ shall be deliberated based on the outcomes.
Jun 2023 DOI 10.14302/issn.2377-2549.jndc-23-4431
Ifeanyi John ObibuenyiCorresponding author
Background of this paper investigates dogonyaro-leaf-extract as inhibitor for aluminum corrosion in 0.3-M hydrochloric acid, and its acceptability as original. In the methods, the extract was analyzed for phytochemicals and corrosion test performed on aluminum sheet before immersion in acid incorporated extract. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), tests were performed over frequency of 100 KHz–10 mHz and 10 mV peak to peak perturbation amplitude to obtain the corrosion potential. Tests were run at 30oC ± room temperature in aerated quiescent solutions. In weight loss method, coupons were suspended in aerated solutions before immersion in 20% mixture of sodium hydroxide and zinc dust to stop further corrosion. Morphology of the mirrorlike finished arid surface aluminum was measured with scanning electron microscope SEM. In the results, various phytochemicals were observed; significant effect of incorporating inhibitor on EIS data recorded and optimum extract efficiency was 99.46%, at 10 g/l, 60oC, within 6 hours. This result was validated and 99.3% efficiency obtained. Introduction of extract into acid corrodents caused increase of charge transfer resistance and reduced double layer capacitance. A warm arid clean coupon evolved after SEM test. In conclusion, there was increase in efficiency of inhibition as inhibitor concentration and temperature increased. Similarly, close responses towards the factors for Inhibition occur. Measured polarization showed that extract inhibited both cathodic and anodic reaction processes and thus, is classified as mixed type inhibitor. The investigations thus proved the extract as excellent corrosion inhibitor for aluminum in 0.3-M hydrochloric-acid.
Apr 2023 DOI 10.14302/issn.2377-2549.jndc-23-4494
Meddeb ZinaCorresponding author
A planned experimental study on the production of green hydrogen by alkaline electrolysis is carried out by the Plan Composite Centered (PCC) method. The parameters studied are the concentration of the electrolyte, the distance between electrodes, the height of the electrodes, the total supply voltage of the electrolyser, temperature, and the electrolyte type. The results show that the effect of concentration, height, voltage and temperature are positive. However, the effect of the distance between the electrodes is negative. Electrolysis with potassium hydroxide (KOH) is more efficient than with sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The second-order interactions are weak, except for the voltage-temperature interaction which is significant. The results of the experimental study conducted in this work are in agreement with previous studies. Two a polynomial modeling (with KOH and with NaOH) suitable for predicting the flow of hydrogen produced are presented. Three optimizations of ascending constraints on the operating parameters to have a maximum hydrogen production and with a minimum of electrical energy and a minimum of concentration consumed are carried out.
Apr 2023 DOI 10.14302/issn.3070-2232.jf-21-3946
Nigussie GebresilassieCorresponding author
Hot pepper is an important spice and vegetable crop in Ethiopia. Its production is constrained by a number of problems among which climatic condition is the primary. The amount rain fail temperature humidity the solanaceous groups of vegetables including hot pepper generally are sensitive to environmental conditions. The amount of rain fall required depends on the altitude of the environment, wind speed sunshine hour, which in turn is influenced by a number of genetic and environmental variables. In the absence of any other production constraints, suitable climatic condition and yield of hot pepper are closely related. Pepper, like other crop produces well when it is grown in good environmental condition. Farmers produce hot pepper in different environment without considering the suitable environment. The yield of hot pepper varies year to year; this indicates that pepper crop need intensive care and management for high return per unit area and also appropriate environmental condition. So in order to produce good hot pepper with the required amount of capsaicinoid content it is butter to grow at temperature range of 17.5-28oc. at low altitude hot environment give high capsaicinoid content and in high altitude / Low humidity and high temperatures will cause abscission of buds, flowers and small fruits.
Mar 2023 DOI 10.14302/issn.2471-2140.jaa-23-4426
Sasaki MitsuruCorresponding author
The use of conventional drying methods for dehydrating vegetables and fruits with high sugar, amino acid, and moisture content is not feasible. Under extreme conditions, drying reduces the amount of functional ingredients present in these vegetables and fruits. Recently, there has been an increasing demand for powdered tomatoes because of their nutritional and functional components. This study aimed to evaluate tomato drying under normal pressure and low-temperature conditions, to efficiently reduce water content without compromising on product quality. A convection dryer, most widely used in food factories, was used in this study. This equipment uses a low temperature zone not normally used for drying, and processes the raw material to increase the drying area for rapid drying. The proposed method was validated by comparing the moisture and functional component contents, and the antioxidant activity of the dried product with those of the dried product obtained via freeze-drying. The results suggest that the proposed low-temperature drying method can produce functional dried food at food processing sites faster than using freeze-drying, with a residual rate of functional ingredients exceeding 90 %. Thus, low-temperature drying can be used as a simple and cost-effective method for the production of uniform dry tomato powder.
Feb 2023 DOI 10.14302/issn.2643-2811.jmbr-22-4302
Edeowede Abhulimen AbelCorresponding author
The Gas Turbine operation was investigated with a view to evolving a system designed to provide a realistic imitation of the controls and operation of a Gas Turbine, used for training purposes. Operator Training Simulator has been widely adopted by many industries being a computer simulation which attempts to model a real-life plant so that it can be studied. A well trained and skilled operator is key in increasing power plant safety and productivity. Therefore, enabling quality training for operators is becoming more important as they need to handle increased load of information and duties whereas the lack of training is a major reason for inadequate performance. By changing variables in the simulator, predictions are made about the behaviour of the engine. It is a tool to virtually investigate the behaviour of the system while in operation. This work becomes indispensable because it is prohibitively expensive or simply too dangerous to allow trainees use the real equipment in a power plant. The Gas Turbine operation’s simulator is born from Object Oriented Programming, employing key programming languages. The simulator design focused on specific tasks in the operation of the Gas Turbine which include; startup, synchronization and monitoring of vital parameters like vibration, temperature, pressure, and angle of the Inlet Guide Vane. The statuses of various valves, pumps and motors as well as the Performance of actuators and the response of concatenated components are also being tracked. The simulator was found to effectively mimic a real plant life. With this simulator, trainee operators in Gas Turbine can spend time learning valuable lessons in a "safe" virtual environment yet living a lifelike experience. This will go a long way in minimizing operators’ error in GT power plants, thereby curtailing power outages and conserving power plant components.
Feb 2023 DOI 10.14302/issn.2639-3166.jar-22-4403
E. A. Hamza FatihCorresponding author
The major a biotic stresses affecting chickpea production are high and low temperature, drought and salinity. Heat stress is a major a biotic stress factor, constraining chickpea production worldwide. This study was conducted to identifying chickpea genotypes combining heat tolerance and high yield potential and to study correlation among the heat tolerance indices. The genotypes were tested under different field-growing conditions, normal sown (non – heat stress) and late sown (heat stress) at two locations, Merowe and Gezira during winter season 2018/2019. The trials were laid out in alpha lattice design with three replications. Eight heat tolerance indices, which were most frequently used in plant breeding including, geometric mean productivity (GMP), yield index (YI), mean productivity (MP), stress susceptibility index (SSI), stress tolerance index (STI), tolerance index (TOL), sensitivity heat index (SHI) and relative heat index (RHI) were calculated based on seed yield under heat stress (Ys) and non – heat stress (Yp) conditions. Under both environments, the results from combined analysis of variance showed that there were highly significant differences among the genotypes for all traits studies. There were highly significant differences observed among the tested chickpea genotypes response to heat stress. Seed yield in stress (Ys) condition was positive and highly significant correlated with geometric mean productivity, yield index, stress tolerance index and relative heat index. The Ys was negative and highly significant correlated with stress susceptibility index and sensitivity heat index. Seed yield in non-stress (Yp) condition was positive and significant correlated with geometric mean productivity, yield index, stress tolerance index and tolerance index. The results of this research showed that the six indices, GMP, YI, SSI, STI, SHI and RHI can be used as optimal indicators for screening heat tolerant chickpea genotypes. Nine genotypes including four released improved varieties (Shiekh Mohamed, Wad Hamid, Salwa and Hwata) and five genotypes (no. 11, 4, 26, 30 and 34) are most stable chickpea genotypes for heat tolerance and can be further used in breeding program. These genotypes can be used in the chickpea national breeding program to develop varieties with improved heat tolerance in Sudan. Genotype no. 11 (FLIP 08-59 C) was release by Sudan national variety release committee for commercial production under the name Elbarkal in September 2022 to will be grown in Gezira, River Nile and Northern States of Sudan.
Mar 2022 DOI 10.14302/issn.2642-9241.jrd-22-4132
Wu JianqingCorresponding author
Healthier World (Independent researcher for cause), P. O. Box 689, Beltsville, MD 20704. USA
To understand lung damages caused by COVID-19, we deduced two phases lung damage mechanisms. After the lungs are infected with COVID-19, the affected lung tissue swells and surface properties of pulmonary capillaries change, both contributing to an increased flow resistance of the capillaries. The initial damages are mainly fluid leakage in a limited number of involved alveoli. The increased vascular resistance results in retaining more white blood cells (“WBCs”) in pulmonary capillaries. Some of the WBCs may get into interstitial spaces. When more and more WBCs are dynamically retained, the vascular resistance of pulmonary capillaries further rises; and thus the overall vascular resistance of the lungs rises and pulmonary pressure rises. The rise in the pulmonary pressure in turn results in elevated capillary pressures. When pulmonary capillary pressures around the alveoli are sufficiently high, the elevated pressure causes interstitial pressures to change from normally negative values to positive values. The positive pressures cause fluid leakage to the alvoeli and thus degrade lung function. Tissue swelling, and occupation of WBCs in interstitial spaces and occupation of alvoelar spaces by leaked water result in reduced deformable and compressible spaces, and thus causes a further rise of the vascular resistance of the lungs. When the pulmonary pressure has reached a critical point as in the second phase, the blood breaks capillary walls and squeezes through interstitial spaces to reach alveolar spaces, resulting in irreversible lung damages. Among potential influencing factors, the available space in the thorax cage, temperature, and humid are expected to have great impacts. The free space in the thorax cage, lung usable capacity, and other organ usable capacities are the major factors that determine the arrival time of last- phase irreversible damage. The mechanisms imply that the top priority for protecting lungs is maintaining pulmonary micro-circulation and preserving organ functions in the entire disease course while controlling viral reproduction should be stressed in the earliest time possible. The mechanisms also explain how leukecytes are “recruited and migrated” into inflamed tissues by dynamic retention.
Jan 2022 DOI 10.14302/issn.2377-2549.jndc-21-3936
A. Awin Labib.Corresponding author
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tripoli University, Libya
Two samples of the defectdouble perovskites with general formula Sr2CaNbO5.5 and Sr2CaTaO5.5 were synthesized and their cap abilities in the removal of neutral red dye investigated. Both samples have faced cubic perovskite-type structure in space group Fm3m. The replacement of Nb5+ by Ta5+ has influenced both crystal size and density of the two oxides but showed no impact on the removal capacities. The crystallite size of Sr2CaNbO5.5 and Sr2CaTaO5.5 was determined to be 93.56 and 43.69 nm respectively. The maximum removal capacities of Neutral red are found to be 190.5 mg/g using both the two oxides. This result is consistent with the cell volumes which displayed similar values. The removal of Neutral Red has a negative relationship with temperature but steadily increases as pH increased.
Dec 2021 DOI 10.14302/issn.2766-8681.jcsr-21-3805
Adiche ChiaaCorresponding author
Laboratory of Fine Chemistry (L.F.C), Chemistry Department, Faculty of Exact and Applied Sciences University of Oran 1 Ahmed BenBella BP 1524 El M’naouer Oran 31000 Algeria.
A convenient one-pot synthetic protocol for the preparation of sulfonyl amidines has been developed. The procedure combines three-component reaction of sulfonyl azide, methyl propiolate and secondary cyclic amine coupling in one sequence without any solvent or catalyst and at room temperature. The reaction proceeds smoothly and a variety of desired sulfonyl amidines were obtained in moderate to good yields. This protocol has synthetic advantages in terms of low environmental impact and very short reaction time.
Aug 2021 DOI 10.14302/issn.2639-3166.jar-21-3858
Haroun Mohamed Adam AbubakerCorresponding author
Department of Crop Science, College of Agriculture, University of Bahri- Sudan.
The Fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) is considered among the economic important pests in Sudan. Therefore, it became necessary to study and understand its biology and find out the appropriate control measure (s). To achieve the above objective, experiments based on Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) were carried out during the period from September 2018 to August 2019, where the Fall armyworm (FAW) was reared in the laboratory and fed on a nutrient médium composed of Corn leaves. The results displayed the ranges of eggs laid by a female was 890–1169. The egg incubation period ranged between 3-13 days. The larval duration ranged between (13-50) days and the pupal duration was between (7-20) days under a temperature of 21-300c and a Relative Humidity (RH) of 65 ± 5%. The longevity of the adults was 1-20 days, and the range of the full lifecycle was (24-100). However, six generations of FAW were obtained within one year. This study concludes that in Sudan FAW breeds continously throughtout the year and it recommends further studies on the biology and effective management of this invasive pest
Jul 2021 DOI 10.14302/issn.2769-2264.jw-21-3870
Danielly da Silva Lopes IrisCorresponding author
Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia. Instituto Sócio Ambiental e Recursos Hídricos. Avenida Presidente Tancredo Neves, 2501-Terra Firme. Belém-PA. Brasil. CEP: 66077-530.
In this study, were multivariate analysis of the waters of the Arienga and Murucupí rivers located near an area of intense industrial activity in the Barcarena City, Pará State, Brazil. Were analyzed the variables temperature, pH, total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, DO, BOD, ammoniacal-N, nitrite-N, nitrate-N, phosphate, sulfate and total hardness in four sampling campaigns in the year 2011. This amazon rivers presented physicochemical characteristics well heterogeneous, but similar behaviors for the variables pH, temperature and DO in the extensions evaluated, that is, increase in the source-mouth direction, with variations from 4.77 to 7.33 and 5.51 to 7.3, 25 to 31°C and 27 to 32°C and from 4.4 to 7.98 mg.L-1 and 1.17 to 6.55 mg.L-1 for the Arienga and Murucupi rivers respectively. In addition to these characteristics, the Arienga River also presented an increase for ammoniacal-N, nitrite-N, nitrate-N and hardness in the dry period, with variations from 0.014 to 6.336 mg.L-1, 0.005 to 0.334 mg.L-1, 0.009 to 4.818 mg.L-1 and 1.146 to 14.389 mg.L-1 respectively. In general, Murucupí River presented different physicochemical characteristics that are coherent with the local scenario, where the launch domestic effluents and the environmental impacts caused by industrial waste are visible and recurrent respectively.
May 2021 DOI 10.14302/issn.2689-4602.jes-21-3837
O. Henderson JeffreyCorresponding author
Department of Science and Mathematics, Judson University, Elgin, IL 60123, USA
The coronavirus infectious disease (20)19 (COVID-19) pandemic is caused by a newly identified virus (2019) SARS-CoV-2, a beta coronavirus that shares similarities with other human-infecting coronaviruses. Genomic analysis suggests that SARS-CoV-2 is closely related to SARS-CoV, a bat-related coronavirus, RaTG13, and to other pangolin-associated coronaviruses. The spike protein of coronaviruses are glycoproteins and are responsible for attaching the virus to the host cell and entering. Amino acid changes within the spike protein-encoding gene from SARS-CoV to SARS-CoV-2 enable SARS-CoV-2 to form a stable spike protein, to form a stable complex between the S protein and the receptor ACE2, to increase binding points between the S protein and ACE2, and to survive at higher temperatures. SARS-CoV-2 is zoonotic, with genomic analysis implicating bats as the original host and pangolins as the most likely intermediate host to infect humans. As SARS-CoV-2 infects humans, viral point mutations will continually occur and cause the emergence of new competitive SARS-CoV-2 strains. Two major strains include D614G and N501Y and have increased infectivity and transmission, further complicating the scope of the current COVID-19 pandemic. Vigilant monitoring of viral development and evolution is necessary for developing proper treatment methods and vaccine targets.
Apr 2021 DOI 10.14302/issn.2328-0182.japst-21-3778
Okiemute Rosa Johnson-AjinwoCorresponding author
Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria.
This study aims at investigating the antipyretic activity of different solvent fractions of the root bark of Rutideaparviflora(Rubiaceae). This plant is used ethno-botanically by the people of Ethiope East-West Local Government Area of Delta State, Nigeria to treat various ailments such as inflammation, fever and pain. This necessitated this research to validate its local use, due to the scanty literature and information present about this plant. It has also shown some anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory activity in previous researches. The present study is a randomized control study. Acetic acid induced writhing was employed for analgesic testing. Acetic acid was used to induce writhing in Wistar rats which were divided into fourteen (14) groups. The groups were administered extracts and fractions of the plant (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg). The animals were observed for number of writing movements and the percentage writhing was calculated. Baker’s yeast induced pyrexia was employed for the antipyretic testing. The animal groups were administered extracts and fractions of the plant (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg), with Paracetamol as the standard drug (100 mg/kg) and Normal saline (control) for both experiments. The body temperature of the rats was measured rectally over a period of five (5) hours. All values of P<0.05 were taken as significant. The organic extract, aqueous extract and various fractions (n-hexane, ethyl-acetate, n-butanol and aqueous) produced significant inhibition of writhing responses and pyrexia in a dose dependent manner and time dependent manner respectively. The aqueous extract at a dose of 400mg/kg showed the greatest reduction in writhing, 91.58% compared to the standard drug (paracetamol) which may suggest that the fraction possesses better efficacy than paracetamol as an analgesic. The observed activities could be attributed to these bioactive compounds: Palmatine, Urs-12-ene-24-oic-3-oxo-methyl ester and Gallic acid contained in R. parviflora.
Apr 2021 DOI 10.14302/issn.2692-1537.ijcv-21-3741
Assegid SahiluCorresponding author
MD, MPH, Associate Professor of Epidemiology Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
Background Ethiopia confirmed its 1st case of COVID-19 on Friday 13th February 2020. The burden increased dramatically by August/2020. The conditions that led to this rise were not reviewed. Objective To exploreCOVID-19 related phenomena in Ethiopia during 2019-2020. Materials and Methods Review of journals, books, and letters to editors, e-sources, news, personal experiences, observations, and communications. Results The zoonotic source of SARS- CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome- Coronavirus-2) is not confirmed. The precedent events; and exact mechanism of COVID-19 is not clear. Dynamic models were required on the time line of dynamics of COVID-19; dynamics of infectiousness of COVID-19, and mechanism of transmission of COVID-19. Incubatory carriers might have been missed. Screening based on temperature had been problematic. The time spent in the development of diagnostic test for COVID-19 might have contributed to the early spread. Uninterrupted flights to China during the epidemic by Ethiopian Airlines as well as uninterrupted domestic flights; IDP (Internally Displaced People); and others put Ethiopia (and other countries) at great risk. Demographic adjustment may not be applicable for Ethiopia due to lack of census which had to be conducted every 10 year, was conducted only in 2007. This adds to the problem of error projection. The impact of HIV (Human Immuno-Deficiency Virus Disease) and war in Ethiopia before 2000 might have had affected people who would be now old age and who would be at the most risk of death. This made the impact of COVID-19 to appear low as revealed by the lower number of COVID-related deaths in Ethiopia. There were also hesitations inconsistencies in case definitions; implementations of quarantine; and burial regulations. Conclusion Even though uninhibited foreign flight to China as well as domestic flights; inconsistencies in the implementation of regulations pertaining to COVID-19 have contributed to COVID- 19 emergence in Ethiopia, the absence of census; the demographic impact of HIV and war before 2000 might have made the impact of COVID-19 to appear low as revealed by the lower number of COVID-related deaths in Ethiopia. Recommendation Accurate and current evaluation of the impact of COVID-19 in Ethiopia may require the absence of census; demographic consequences of HIV; and war before 2000 into consideration.
Mar 2021 DOI 10.14302/issn.2377-2549.jndc-21-3738
Mahmoud M. S. AliCorresponding author
The present study aims to shed light directly towards the extraction of (IV) cerium ions using "liquid surfactant membrane" technology, "LSM" developed in the presence of synergistic cationic and nonionic materials. The effect of various factors such as Ce (IV) transport, synergistic surfactants, curing ratio, stir speed, temperature, and mixing time between the carrier and the cerium ion on the extraction rate was studied by LSM taking into account surfactant agents. The positive effect of benzethonium chloride "Hy-1622" on the extraction of cerium ion was demonstrated by LSMs technique. Experiments confirmed the efficiency of Hy-1622 chloride synergistically with Span 80/85 to extract cerium ions with LSMs technology for emulsions in the oil phase is critical as it determines the stability, viscosity and mass transfer resistance of the resulting emulsion. Besides, Hy-1622 chloride was found as a new cationic surfactant that appeared in FTIR characterization and surfactant was found to speed up the permeability process and accelerate the extraction rate due to electrostatic interaction with the carrier.
Feb 2021 DOI 10.14302/issn.2689-2855.jan-21-3745
Jana SnehasisCorresponding author
Trivedi Science Research Laboratory Pvt. Ltd., Thane (W), Maharashtra, India.
Cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) is used nowadays in nutraceuticals regarding the prevention and treatment of vitamin D deficiency and associated diseases. This study was done to analyse the effect of the Trivedi Effect® - Energy of Consciousness Treatment on the physicochemical, thermal, and spectral properties of cholecalciferol using PSA, PXRD, DSC, TGA/DTG, FT-IR, and UV-Vis analysis. For this study, the cholecalciferol sample was divided into control/ untreated and Biofield Energy Treated vitamin D3. The treated vitamin D3 sample received Biofield Energy Treatment (the Trivedi Effect®) remotely for ~3 minutes by Mr. Mahendra Kumar Trivedi, who was located in the USA, while the test samples were located in the research laboratory in India. The treated sample was designated as the Biofield Energy Treated sample. The PSA analysis showed that the particle size values at d10, d50, d90, and D(4, 3) of the treated sample were significantly decreased by 5.80%, 16.49%, 17.52%, and 16.23%, respectively compared to the control sample. However, the specific surface area of the treated cholecalciferol was significantly increased by 7.26% compared to the control sample. Besides, the PXRD analysis revealed that the relative intensities regarding the characteristic diffraction peaks in the treated sample were significantly altered from -42.56% to 22.42%, along with -41.69% to 72.71% alterations in the crystallite sizes, compared with the control sample. Also, the treated sample showed 2.80% decrease in the average crystallite size. The DSC analysis showed a slight increase (0.24%) in the melting point of the treated sample along with 3.68% increase in the latent heat of fusion (ΔH) compared to the control sample. Also, the decomposition temperature of the treated sample was decreased by 0.29%, whereas the ΔH was increased by 5.79%, compared to the control sample. Moreover, the TGA/DTG analysis revealed the significant decrease in weight loss in the 1st and 3rd step of degradation of the treated sample by 18.58% and 89.81%, respectively, along with 1.83% increase in the maximum thermal degradation temperature compared with the control sample. Overall, the thermal stability of the treated cholecalciferol sample was observed to be increased in comparison to the control sample. Thus, the Trivedi Effect® might be used to produce a different polymorph of cholecalciferol, which possesses the improved qualities in terms of appearance, dissolution, absorption, bioavailability, and thermal stability as compared with the untreated sample. Thus, the Biofield Energy Treated cholecalciferol might be used in designing of better nutraceutical and pharmaceutical formulations possessing improved therapeutic response regarding the treatment of vitamin D deficiency associated diseases.
Feb 2021 DOI 10.14302/issn.2328-0182.japst-21-3715
Jana SynthesisCorresponding author
Trivedi Science Research Laboratory Pvt. Ltd., Thane (W), Maharashtra, India
Zinc is an essential trace mineral that plays an important role in the human body as a regulator for different enzymatic systems. It is used in various supplements in the form of zinc chloride to meet the daily requirements. This study was designed with the aim to investigate the impact of The Trivedi Effect®- Energy of Consciousness Healing Treatment on the various physical, thermal, and spectral properties of zinc chloride. The study involves dividing the zinc chloride sample in two parts, followed by keeping the first part untreated and named it the control sample. Besides, The Trivedi Effect®- Biofield Energy Healing Treatment was provided to the other part remotely by the renowned Biofield Energy Healer, Mr. Mahendra Kumar Trivedi and the sample was termed as Biofield Energy Treated sample. Later on, both the samples were analyzed using PXRD, PSA, DSC, UV-Vis, and FT-IR analytical techniques. The PXRD analysis revealed the significant changes in the crystallite sizes (from -66.68% to 25.02%) and the relative peak intensities (from -81.35% to 141.22%) along with 26.46% decrease in the average crystallite size of the Biofield Energy Treated sample, compared with the control sample. Additionally, the treated sample showed reduction in the particle sizes d10, d50, d90, and D(4,3) values by 92.18%, 23.24%, 14.48%, and 29.31%, respectively as compared to the control sample. However, the surface area of the treated sample was observed to be significantly increased by 224.57%, compared to the control sample. The DSC analysis revealed slight increase in the melting and decomposition temperature of the Biofield Energy Treated sample by 0.84% and 3.62%, respectively; along with the significant increase in the latent heat of melting and decomposition by 24.85% and 123.23%, respectively, compared to the control sample. It showed that the thermal stability of the treated sample was significantly increased. However, the UV-Vis and FT-IR studies revealed that the structural properties of the control and treated samples were remained same. The overall study represents that The Trivedi Effect®- Energy of Consciousness Healing Treatment may be used to generate a polymorphic form of zinc chloride, which might possess enhanced solubility, dissolution and bioavailability profile along with improved thermal stability, compared to the control sample. Such properties of the treated zinc chloride may ensure its efficacy, stability and safety during the process of shipment, handling, and storage; thus, The Trivedi Effect®-Energy of Consciousness Healing Treated zinc chloride would be useful for designing the better formulation with enhanced bioavailability, stability and efficacy profile.
Feb 2021 DOI 10.14302/issn.2377-2549.jndc-21-3722
Jana SnehasisCorresponding author
Trivedi Science Research Laboratory Pvt. Ltd., Thane (W), Maharashtra, India.
Iron sulphate is used in the treatment of iron deficiency anaemia and other chronic disorders such as heart and kidney diseases. This study has the objective to analyze the impact of The Trivedi Effect®-Energy of Consciousness Healing Treatment on the physicochemical, spectroscopic and thermal properties of iron sulphate using various analytical techniques. In this, the test compound, i.e., iron sulphate was divided into two parts; one as control (without Biofield Energy Treatment), and the other as Biofield Energy Treated, which received the Biofield Energy Treatment remotely by the renowned Healer, Mr. Mahendra Kumar Trivedi. The PXRD analysis of the Biofield Energy Treated sample showed significant alterations in the range of -39.49 to 301.40% in the relative intensities, and from -15.40 to 33.36% in the crystallite sizes, compared with the control sample. The average crystallite size of the treated sample was also increased by 4.98% as compared to the control sample. The particle sizes in the treated sample at d10, d50, d90 and D(4,3) values were significantly increased by 67.12%, 47.72%, 33.18% and 42.01%, respectively; whereas, the specific surface area was significantly reduced by 38.39%, compared with the control sample. The TGA thermograms showed three steps of thermal degradation in which, the weight loss of Biofield Energy Treated sample in the first and second step was reduced by 5.82% and 16.09%, respectively, while, it was increased by 6.78% in the third step, compared to the control sample. The total weight loss in the treated sample was also reduced by 2.76%, along with slight alteration in the maximum thermal decomposition temperature, compared with the control sample. The DSC analysis showed the decrease in the melting temperatures of the 1st, 2nd and 4th peaks by 8.24%, 19.29%, and 0.61%, respectively, while 4.57% increase in the 3rd peak of the treated sample, compared with the control sample. The latent heat of fusion (ΔH) corresponding to the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th peaks of the treated sample also showed alterations by -92.29, -86.29, 60.92, and 6.37%, respectively, compared with the control sample. The Trivedi Effect®-Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment might produce a novel polymorphic form of iron sulphate having increased crystallite and particle size along with enhanced thermal stability. It may help in improving the quality, safety and stability during the process of handling, storage, and shipment of the iron sulphate with better therapeutic response against iron deficiency anaemia.
Jan 2021 DOI 10.14302/issn.2575-1212.jvhc-20-3467
Jairo Kavana NicholasCorresponding author
St. Francis University College of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O Box 175, Ifakara, Tanzania
Background In natural conditions Cyclops are the first intermediate hosts in the life cycle of Spirometra species. In this paper we describe simple method of culturing Copepod of the genus Cyclops for use the first intermediate host in experimental life cycle of Spirometra species. Methods Paramecium was first cultured to be used as food for Cyclops. Sample of water was collected from a pond within Sokoine University. About 100 ml of water and pre-boiled wheat grains were transferred in a Petri dish and kept under laboratory conditions for 7 days, a swarm of Paramecium was formed. An adult female egg sacked Cyclops from a natural water pond in Tarangire National Park, Tanzania was added in a new Petri dish containing tap water, 0.3 ml of Paramecium suspension and 4 pre-boiled wheat grains. The mixture was kept under laboratory conditions temperature 26-29⁰C and observed daily. Results Eggs from the single Cyclops hatched to nauplius. The average time of developing to nauplius I was 1.2 days, nauplius I to copepodite I was 6.9 days, and copepodite I to adult female Cyclops was 26.3 days. The average measurements of naupliusI were 120.2µm length and 80.0µm width while the adult female was 846.3µm length and 284.6µm width. The adult female produced 1 to 8 broods (mean 4.3). The life span of Cyclops averaged 43.1 days. Conclusion The Cyclops cultured in the laboratory were fed Paramecium and used as first intermediate host in the experimental life cycle of Tanzanian Spirometra species.
Nov 2020 DOI 10.14302/issn.2690-4837.ijip-20-3565
Mabrouk MohamedCorresponding author
Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
The world is countering an unexpected wide spread of Covid-19 virus. Among the procedures used to prevent spreading the virus are classical and modern sterilization methods. In this paper, we combine the use of ultraviolet emissions, as a modern method, with the infrared emissions that generates high temperature, as a classical method, to design and implement a sterilization oven. Ultraviolet emissions have the ability to destroy the RNA of the virus while the infrared emissions destroy the virus membrane. Test was performed on indicators contains +ve gram rod bacteria which is stronger than the Covid-19 virus in high temperature and UV emission tolerant. Results showed that the UV emissions killed the microorganism in 15 minutes. However, combination between the UV and IR emissions in a sterilization oven succeeded to kill the under test microorganism in five minutes. The combination between the two sources of emission guarantees an effective sterilization process against bacteria, fungus, and viruses. Moreover, it speeds up the sterilization process time.
Oct 2020 DOI 10.14302/issn.2576-6694.jbbs-20-3517
S.U. DOSSOU CamilleCorresponding author
Laboratoire de Recherche en Biologie Appliquée, Ecole Polytechnique d’Abomey-Calavi (EPAC), University of Abomey-Calavi, 01 BP 2009 Cotonou, Benin.
Background of the Study African countries are facing frequent blackout. Thus in sub Saharan region, due to frequent power cut, the laboratory professionals find sometimes difficulty to carry out earlier diverse diagnostic tests. Objective The aim of this work is to evaluate the feasibility of enzyme immunoassay tests in the absence of a conventional source of electricity. Methods We developed a battery-powered experimental device, which was then applied to diagnose measles. The samples included 45 sera randomly selected from non-haemolysed serum samples received and stored at the National Public Health Laboratory of Benin. The experimental device is composed of two devices (Devices 1 and 2). The Device 1 provided an average temperature of 34.47 °C, 20 min after starting. With Device 2 an average temperature of 20.32 °C is obtained 15 min after starting. Results With the experimental device the same rate of measles antibody-positive sera (44.68%) was obtained as recorded from the test using the standard equipment of laboratory. The experimental device detected 18 negative and 8 intermediate results against respectively 19 and 7 by the standard equipment. The analysis of the results of both equipments shows a concordance rate of 93.33% with a kappa reproducibility coefficient of 0.89. Conclusion The device conceived in our study is a simply equipment allowing the realization of the enzyme immunoassay tests, in this case the ELISA anti-measles test. The rate of concordance obtained shows that this device can be used with commercial kits and at temperatures close to those recommended by the manufacturer without altering the results.
Oct 2020 DOI 10.14302/issn.2377-2549.jndc-20-3486
A. Awin Labib.Corresponding author
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tripoli, Libya
Three members of the A- site doped Nb perovskites with general formula Sr3NbO5.5, BaSr2NbO5.5 and Ba2SrNbO5.5 were synthesised by solid-state methods and their removal efficiency of Methyl violet from aqueous solutions investigated. The X-ray diffraction measurements demonstrated that the three samples have a faced cubic perovskite-type structure in space group Fm m. The addition of Ba2+ into the A-site of Sr3NbO5.5 has influenced the cell volume, crystal size and density. Subsequently, the removal capacity was also impacted. The crystallite size of the oxides was determined to be less than 82 nm. The maximum removal capacities of Methyl violet are found to be 46.5, 13.1 and 8.0 mg/g using Ba2SrNbO5.5, BaSr2NbO5.5 and Sr3NbO5.5 respectively. The amounts of the dye adsorbed by the oxides have increased as the Ba2+ content increased. The removals of Methyl violet have positive relationship with pH, temperature and the mass of the oxides.
Sep 2020 DOI 10.14302/issn.2641-5526.jmid-20-3505
Raghul V.Corresponding author
Department of Mathematics, Loyola College, Chennai
Testing people for COVID-19 in a country like India with a huge population is a near impossible task therefore the government is using body temperature as a testing parameter to cover the whole population. Infrared thermometers are used to find the temperature because it is a cheaper and faster way. This testing rate can be done even faster, without the need of manpower and with far more accuracy using smart watches and bands. These wrist-wearables are mostly used for fitness purposes which have more measuring equipment that is used for preliminary testing done for COVID. This equipment’s are in the form of electric sensors which are small enough to be used in wearables. So we can get even more insight and accuracy compared to the standard method. In this study an application is created to use an array of sensors (Pulse sensor, Pulse oximeter, Accelerometer and temperature sensor) are being used in these wearables to find the chance, that a person is affected due to COVID-19 and the information can be seen real time in mobile phone through the application. All the information can be sent to the health organization’s if required.
Sep 2020 DOI 10.14302/issn.2576-6694.jbbs-20-3525
K. Srivastava RajeshCorresponding author
Department of Biotechnology, GITAM Institute of Technology, GITAM Deemed to be University, Gandhi Nagar Campus, Rushikonda, Visakhapatnam - 530045 (A.P.), India.
The photosynthetic potential and underlying internal metabolism of a plant are some of the most commonly affected physiological functions as a direct consequence of stresses due to salt and water resulting in hindering plant growth and productivity. Under the influence of such detrimental stresses, a drastic alteration in a plant's osmotic requirements, hormonal production, shedding of leaves, and closure of stomata, along with a lessening in the diffusion and transportation of CO2 and H2O are commonly seen. This review unfolds with a description of the basic methodology involved in the proteomic analysis of various proteins involved in stress response along with a brief idea on identifying and obtaining a genomic sequence for proteomic studies. It then dives deep into understanding the impact of abiotic stresses such as salinity, drought and high temperatures on cereal crops such as rice and sorghum as well as the internal dynamics of tolerance mechanism unfolding during stresses have also been described. Extensive literature describing the proteomic and physiological responses to primary and secondary effects of salt stress in cereal crops emphasizing on ROS production and apoptosis, the role of osmolytes as ROS scavengers during osmotic stress and vacuolar antiporters in ionic stress along with the responses during drought stress such as the accumulation of LEA proteins and ABA-based signaling has been reviewed and critically discussed. The study also sheds light on some experimental proteomic studies conducted on the seedlings, root tissues, and shoots of rice cultivars.
Aug 2020 DOI 10.14302/issn.2643-2811.jmbr-20-3476
Naderi A.Corresponding author
School of Mechanical Engineering, Imam Ali University, Tehran, Iran,
Nowadays, supplying energy for the global population has turned into a prominent issue for countries engendering the consumption of huge amounts of fossil fuels which leads to some serious environmental problems. Among the renewable energy technologies, solar collectors can play major role to improve the efficiency, in air conditioning utility systems by minimum pollution. In photovoltaic/thermal (PVT) solar collectors, which are currently considered as the most advanced type to produce electricity and heat simultaneously, working fluid absorbs Energy from photovoltaic (PV) module engendering to decrease temperature of PV module and increase the electricity efficiency and also provide permissible amount of heat for other residential applications. Meanwhile, utilizing nanofluid as the working fluid in collector, regarding that the nanofluid has enhanced thermal properties relative to the base fluid, leads to a higher collector efficiency. In this research, PVP coated silver nanofluid was prepared in three volume concentration being 250, 500 and 1000 ppm by two-step method. To assess the stability of nanofluid the zeta potential is calculated which is obtained -41.6 V. Also, the prominent thermal properties of the nanofluid were analyzed regarding PVT solar collector applications. According to the results, thermal conductivity of the PVP coated silver nanofluid, improves the properties of base fluid, to the extent that thermal conductivity coefficient grows up 50% in some temperatures and increased from 0.594 for base fluid to 1.098 W/mK by escalation of concentration to 1000 ppm. Thus, PVP coated silver nanofluid can be deemed as the vital working fluid to improve the performance of PVT solar collectors.
Jul 2020 DOI 10.14302/issn.2377-2549.jndc-20-3460
Tamilvanan NivedharshiniCorresponding author
India
Laccase enzyme production is important and more beneficial for environment, because it has many roles like, involved in bioremediation, biodegradation, decolorization of environmental polluted dyes and pharmaceutical sector also. Production of laacse enzyme from bacillus sp as using of Agro waste (rice bran) as a substrate. The Agricultural soil sample was collected, after the sample were processed for the preliminary and biochemical tests to identification of Bacillus organism. The Guiacol inducer were used for microbial screening of laccase enzyme production. After that microbial screening, various optimization parameters (pH, Temperature, Inducers, carbon and nitrogen sources) are checked for that production of laccase enzyme in mass level. Based on that optimization the bulk fermentation (large scale) (solid state fermentation) were done as a rice bran substrate. The fermentation product was subjected to analyzed the physiochemical properties and purification based on that techniques of Gel filtration chromatography, Dialysis, Ammonium sulfate preciptation. The protein estimation of that product to analysed by lowry’s method.
Jun 2020 DOI 10.14302/issn.2689-2855.jan-19-3048
Yesigat AntenehCorresponding author
Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Superconductivity and magnetism were previously thought as incompatible until the discovery of some rare earth ternary compounds that shows the coexistence of superconductivity and magnetism. In some of the recently discovered iron based layered superconductors superconductivity and diamagnetic order system are coexist. That occurs in only 11 and 122 family. The present works we examine the possibility of coexistence of superconductivity and disorder of magnetic spin is called spin glass when freeze the system that can show the superconductivity and spin glass coexist. In this present work we can examine the possibility of coexistence of superconductivity and spin glass in detailed 11 family of Fe1+ySexTe1−x compound. We show that spin glass like behavior is present in FST for x = 0.1 - 0.15 we present evidence form magnetization measurement and characterized the short-range order with neutron scattering. One of our main results is that the short-range order is structural as well as magnetic order. The factor of magnetic order exchange in long range depend on temperature, pressure, number of doping and other external factor discussed it. We found mathematical expression for superconductor transition TC, spin glass temperature TgSusceptibility x(q), and retardation time τ using for born approximation and digamma function depend on wave vector(q) and cut off frequency(ω) in the region coexistence of superconductivity and spin glass in Fe1+ySexTe1−xcompound. Aim: To improve the coexistence of superconductivity and spin glass and to examine the associated Factor of electron doping and temperature in experimental and theoretical aspect of their coexistence.
Apr 2020 DOI 10.14302/issn.2689-2855.jan-20-3244
Bendjemil BadisCorresponding author
DGM, FST, University of 8 Mai 1945 of Guelma, 24000 Guelma, Algeria
Nanocomposites are worn resistant materials used in cutting tool applications. The materials are composed of ultrafine powder hard phase grains surrounded by a tough binder phase carbon nanotubes (Mo2C)1-x–(TiC)x (2≤x≤4)//1Wt% SWCNTs. Composite bicarbide Mo2C-TiC was rapidly synthesised and simultaneously consolidated by field activated sintering technique (spark plasma sintering) at which the extensive volume expansion occurred as a function of the volumic fraction from 20 to 40 vol.% of TiC powders and 1 Wt.% of SWCNTs was reinforcement of the NCMC’s. The sintered powder mixture was examined by XRD patterns, the morphology of the obtained phase was observed by SEM and the phase compositions in different regions were analyzed by EDX. The composites were processed using Field Activated Sintering Technique, spark plasma sintering (SPS) at temperatures in the range of 1700-1800°C with addicting of SWCNTs. The effects of SWCNTs addition on phases morphology, microstructure hardness and fracture toughness of the nanocomposite were investigated. The best product contained 1.0 Wt% SWCNTs from (Mo2C)1-x–(TiC)x , x= 0.2 which was sintered at 1700°C, 70 MPa for 10 min, M0.8T0.2/ 1 Wt% SWCNTs exhibit a better density, highest hardness and good ductility. Relative densification was achieved 99.5 % from the theoretical and good mechanical properties like hardness and fracture toughness (KIC=5.6 Mpa m1/2) are improved. The results were confirmed using Raman scattering resonant spectroscopy.
Mar 2020 DOI 10.14302/issn.2689-2855.jan-20-3263
Bendjemil BadisCorresponding author
DGM, FST, University of 8 Mai 1945 of Guelma, 24000 Guelma, Algeria
Nanocomposites are worn resistant materials used in cutting tool applications. The materials are composed of ultrafine powder hard phase grains surrounded by a tough binder phase carbon nanotubes (Mo2C)1-x–(TiC)x (2≤x≤4)//1Wt% SWCNTs. Composite bicarbide Mo2C-TiC was rapidly synthesised and simultaneously consolidated by field activated sintering technique (spark plasma sintering) at which the extensive volume expansion occurred as a function of the volumic fraction from 20 to 40 vol.% of TiC powders and 1 Wt.% of SWCNTs was reinforcement of the NCMC’s. The sintered powder mixture was examined by XRD patterns, the morphology of the obtained phase was observed by SEM and the phase compositions in different regions were analyzed by EDX. The composites were processed using Field Activated Sintering Technique, spark plasma sintering (SPS) at temperatures in the range of 1700-1800°C with addicting of SWCNTs. The effects of SWCNTs addition on phases morphology, microstructure hardness and fracture toughness of the nanocomposite were investigated. The best product contained 1.0 Wt% SWCNTs from (Mo2C)1-x–(TiC)x , x= 0.2 which was sintered at 1700°C, 70 MPa for 10 min, M0.8T0.2/ 1 Wt% SWCNTs exhibit a better density, highest hardness and good ductility. Relative densification was achieved 99.5 % from the theoretical and good mechanical properties like hardness and fracture toughness (KIC=5.6 Mpa m1/2) are improved. The results were confirmed using Raman scattering resonant spectroscopy.
Jan 2020 DOI 10.14302/issn.2379-7835.ijn-19-3139
Q. Almulaiky YaaserCorresponding author
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences and Arts, University of Jeddah, Khulais, P.O. Box 355, Khulais, 21921, Saudi Arabia
In this study, a peroxidase from new source was purified using ion exchange and gel filtration techniques. The recovery for peroxidase activity was 19% with 11-fold purification and specific activity of 749 unit/mg protein. Purified peroxidase demonstrated a molecular mass of 39 kDa using gel filtration and was confirmed as a single band on SDS-PAGE. The purified peroxidase revealed a broad optimum pH activity at 6.0-6.5 and 50°C temperature. The kinetic parameters for purified peroxidase toward H2O2 and guaiacol as substrates were found to be Km = 3.355, 5.395 mM, Kcat = 99.52, 79.56 s-1 and Vmax =1.531, 1.242 µmole ml-1 min-1, respectively. The catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) of the purified peroxidase was 14.75 and 29.66 s−1 mM−1 for guaiacol and H2O2, respectively. Peroxidase activity was observed to be enhanced by Cu2+, Co2+, Ni2+ and inhibited in the presence of Sn2+, Al3+, Hg2+, NaN3, EDTA and urea. Characterization showed that peroxidase purified from C. forskohlii has the ability to be used for food industrial applications.
Dec 2019 DOI 10.14302/issn.2639-3166.jar-19-3116
Masoero GiorgioCorresponding author
Accademia di Agricoltura di Torino, Italy
Foliar pH is a specific multifaceted parameter that is sensitive to a deficit in soil water and to temperature variations. It also represents a tool that can be used to rapidly phenotype the symbiosis induced in several crops by bio-fertilizers containing Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi. Yearly decreases in foliar pH, which dropped from 3.73 in 2015 to 3.15 in 2017 and then stabilized at around 3.13, have been observed in an experimental vineyard near Torino (Italy) in six grapevine cultivars. In this paper, these curious, original results have been paired with the average sunspots of the 24th sun cycle, proximal to its endpoint. The paired values were highly correlated (r 0.95 P< 0.01), with close parabolic patterns. A lowering in foliar pH has been correlated with a modification of the leaf composition, as characterized by the higher hydration and reinforced wall. An increase in the circulating acidity of the plants has been hypothesized to interfere in a diminution in the general predisposition to block parasite attacks. From this perspective, the retrieval of several historic outbreaks and the long-term systematic monitoring of mud and Erwinia amylovora frequencies have suggested that the hypothesis that links the solar minima with dysfunctions of the plant-pest relationships cannot always be rejected. Cosmic influences pertaining to UV variations are poorly understood in plant physiopathology. Foliar pH appears to be a rapid and simple tool to unveil high-level mechanisms. It is this simple parameter that physiologists and geneticists, but also agronomists, are asked to consider.
Nov 2019 DOI 10.14302/issn.2642-3146.jec-19-3072
Heidari AlirezaCorresponding author
Faculty of Chemistry, California South University, 14731 Comet St. Irvine, CA 92604, USA
Mendelevium nanoparticles absorb energy of descendent light and generate some heat in the particle. The generated heat transferred to the surrounding environment and leads to increase in temperature of adjacent points to nanoparticles. Heat variations can be obtained by heat transfer equation. In the current study, thermoplasmonic characteristics of Mendelevium nanoparticles with spherical, core–shell and rod shapes are investigated. In order to investigate these characteristics, interaction of synchrotron radiation emission as a function of the beam energy and Mendelevium nanoparticles were simulated using 3D finite element method. Firstly, absorption and extinction cross sections were calculated. Then, increases in temperature due to synchrotron radiation emission as a function of the beam energy absorption were calculated in Mendelevium nanoparticles by solving heat equation. The obtained results show that Mendelevium nanorods are more appropriate option for using in optothermal human cancer cells, tissues and tumors treatment method. When Mendelevium nanoparticles are subjected to descendent light, a part of light scattered (emission process) and the other part absorbed (non–emission process). The amount of energy dissipation in non–emission process mainly depends on material and volume of nanoparticles and it can be identified by absorption cross section. At the other hand, emission process which its characteristics are depend on volume, shape and surface characteristics of nanoparticles explains by scattering cross section. Sum of absorption and scattering processes which lead to light dissipation is called extinction cross section.
May 2019 DOI 10.14302/issn.2379-7835.ijn-19-2831
Jana SnehasisCorresponding author
Trivedi Science Research Laboratory Pvt. Ltd., Thane (W), India
Pyridoxine HCl plays an important role in the human body as a coenzyme in the synthesis process of amino acids and neurotransmitters such as serotonin, norepinephrine, aminolevulinic acid, sphingolipids, etc. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of the Trivedi Effect®-Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment on the various physicochemical and thermal properties of pyridoxine HCl using various analytical techniques such. The study plan involved dividing the pyridoxine HCl sample into two parts, in which, the first part was not given any treatment (control sample), while the second part was provided the Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment by a renowned Biofield Energy Healer, Gopal Nayak and named as the Biofield Energy Treated pyridoxine. The particle size values of the treated pyridoxine was altered by -19.51% (d10), -11.92% (d50), 2.46% (d90), and -2.44% {D(4,3)}; whereas, the surface area was significantly increased by 18.92%, compared to the control sample. The powder X-ray diffraction data showed the remarkable increase in the peak intensities and crystallite sizes of the treated pyridoxine in the range from 8.81% to 21.57% and 9.64% to 17.85%, respectively compared to the control sample. Moreover, the treated pyridoxine also showed an increase in the average crystallite size by 13.69%, compared to the control sample. The total weight loss of the treated pyridoxine was significantly reduced by 13.35% during the thermal degradation; however, the residue weight was increased by 29.48% after degradation, in comparison to the control sample. The maximum thermal degradation temperature of the treated pyridoxine corresponding to 1st and 2nd peak was altered by 4.37% and 2.24%, respectively than the control sample. The latent heat of fusion of the treated pyridoxine was significantly increased by 5.89% compared to the control sample. Hence, it was assumed that the Trivedi Effect®-Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment might form a new polymorph of pyridoxine HCl that might be helpful in designing more efficacious pharmaceutical/nutraceutical product due to its better solubility, absorption, bioavailability, and thermal stability than the untreated sample.
Apr 2019 DOI 10.14302/issn.2377-2549.jndc-19-2701
J Mutesasira,Corresponding author
External studies department, Institute of distance Education, Makerere University
Biogas is anaerobic degradation product formed from aqueous slurry of organic waste in a digester. It can be produced from cattle dung,(cd)chicken droppings, decaying leaves, kitchen waste foods(kwf), sewage sludge, slaughter house, goat, pig or sheep manure, Aqueous slurry of 200g/L of mixed or single substrate of cattle dung or/and kitchen waste evolved up to 400mL of biogas at ambient temperatures. The rate of gas evolution reached 5mL/day on the 15th day using 25% cd mixed slurry. The rates of degradation attained in the mixtures were 1.42ml/g for cd; 1.58mL/g for kwf; 1.78mL/g for 75% cd mixed substrate; 1.78mL/g for 50% cd mixed substrate; 1.92mL/g for 25% cd mixed substrate slurries. The comparative rate of biogas formation ranged from1.25 to 1.35 which was in agreement with the range published in literature of 0.8 to 5.5. Biogas can be synthesized efficiently at ambient temperature in Kampala as was done at mesophilic temperatures elsewhere. However, it may be necessary to attempt producing biogas at different pH and temperatures as well as using other substrates and inoculums.
Apr 2019 DOI 10.14302/issn.2689-2855.jan-19-2716
Rasool GhulamCorresponding author
School of Mathematical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR-China
Advances in nanotechnology especially in nanofluids comprising of a typical base fluid saturated with nano-size metallic particles with enhanced thermophysical properties is one of the hot topics in industrial as well as engineering applications of applied mathematics. This article explores the impact of Lorentz forces and Maragoni effect on second grade nanofluid forced convective flow. A two phase model is chosen to validate the nanofluid. Series solutions are achieved through HAM after transformation of PDEs into ODEs. The Brownian motion effect, Thermophoresis and the Marangoni effect are the main influencing factors for present flow model. In addition, the influence of pertinent fluid parameters such as Schmidt number, Magnetic number and Prandtl number on the velocity, temperature and concentration profiles is discussed with the help of graphs. With an enhanced Marangoni factor the hydraulic boundary layer thickness shows enhancement.
Mar 2019 DOI 10.14302/issn.2643-0282.imsj-19-2672
Fadel Madkour FedekarCorresponding author
Marine Science Department, Faculty of Science, Port Said University, Port Said, Egypt
Recently, annual swarm of invasive Erythrean schyphozoan RhopilemanomadicaGalil, 1990 appeared along Egyptian Mediterranean coasts causing beach closures and fishing problems. The present study conducted survey and field monitoring on R. nomadica during blooming season in the Egyptian Mediterranean coast throughout three consecutive years (2015-2017). Three main features of R. nomadica bloom were addressed; viz starting date, duration and maximum density of aggregation. In 2015, the bloom started on 28 July, and over the following two years the bloom starting date shifted earlier being 19 July in 2016 and 15 June in 2017. The duration of the bloom varied yearly giving the longest duration in 2017 when the bloom continued in high density for a month. The highest density of R. nomadica was about 896 medusae/1000 m3 in 2017. The medusae diameter ranged between 21 to 112 cm. The average bell diameter for each year displayed gradual increasing values over the years. The consistent annual R. nomadica blooming was attributed to the high level of eutrophication and ecosystem degradation occurred along the Mediterranean coast since last decades. The shifting in the annual bloom starting date and duration may reflect the adaptation of R. nomadica to the climate change effect on the Mediterranean Sea temperature.
Feb 2019 DOI 10.14302/issn.2689-2855.jan-19-2598
Rasool GhulamCorresponding author
School of Mathematical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR-China
This study aims to numerically investigate the Marangoni convective flow of nanoliquid initiated by surface tension and heading towards a radiative Riga surface. The surface tension appears in the problem due to the gradients of temperature and concentration at the interface. The influence of first order chemical reaction is involved in the system with sufficient boundary conditions. Set of governing nonlinear PDEs is transformed into highly nonlinear ODEs using suitable transformations. HAM is applied for convergent series solutions. Impact of various pertinent fluid parameters on momentum, thermal and solutal boundary layers is analyzed graphically. The chemical reaction plays vital role in saturation of nanoparticles in the base fluid near the surface as well as away from it. The Lorentz forces originated by the Riga surface become powerful when the radiation parameter comes into effect. The significance of Riga plate is thus more prominent through thermal radiation. However, the magnetic effect dampens down for higher radiation parameter. Fluid parameters, Nusslt and Sherwood numbers are analyzed with detailed discussion and concluding remarks.
Feb 2019 DOI 10.14302/issn.2377-2549.jndc-18-2507
Jana SnehasisCorresponding author
Trivedi Science Research Laboratory Pvt. Ltd., Thane (W), India
Hydroxypropyl β-Cyclodextrin (HPBCD) used in food, pharmaceutical, chemical industries, as well as environmental, and agriculture engineering. But the major issue related to HPBCD is the low solubility profile. In this study, the influence of the Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment (the Trivedi Effect®) on the physicochemical properties of HPBCD was evaluated using spectroscopic and calorimetric analytical techniques. The test sample (HPBCD) was divided into control sample and treated sample. The control sample did not receive the Biofield Energy Treatment. Whereas, the treated sample received the Biofield Energy Treatment remotely by a renowned Biofield Energy Healer, Dahryn Trivedi. The particle size values of the treated sample were decreased by 3.28%(d10), 1.36%(d50), 0.45%(d90), and 1.04%{D(4,3)}; therefore, the specific surface area was increased by 1.9% compared with the control sample. The evaporation temperature of the treated HPBCD sample was significantly decreased by 19.89%; however, the latent heat of evaporation and latent heat of fusion were significantly increased by 56.27% and 47.41%, respectively compared with the control sample.The total weight loss in the treated HPBCD was decreased by 5.11%; whereas, the residue amount was significantly 309.67% more compared to the control sample.The results indicated that the Trivedi Effect® might have produced a new form of HPBCD which may show better thermal stability, solubility, dissolution rate, and bioavailability. This new form of HPBCD would be more useful for improvement of solubility of the lipophilic drug, preparation of cholesterol free food products, weight loss supplements, anti-obesity medication, stabilize volatile and unstable compounds, and other manufacturing industry using it as a raw material.
Jan 2019 DOI 10.14302/issn.2643-2811.jmbr-18-2538
Shaikh SadiqueCorresponding author
KYDSC Trust’s, Institute of Management & Science (IMS), Bhusawal, M.S, India
In this paper, I try to focus on widely growing field of Management Science; and that, “Modeling of Management Issues “. Now days Business Simulation techniques are used to earn more profit from Business and this is only issues control future course of actions properly. By using models we can predict & control future course of action & situation. Modeling is not a new subject. It’s oldest technique, but widely used in Physical Sciences, like Chemistry, Physics, Electronics, Engineering field, But it’s again become vital after some time in Life Sciences, like Botany, Zoology, Bio-Chemistry, Bio-Tech and Medical field problem modeling and now in current world it’s also become very vital in Information Technology and Management subjects. Here one question is always arise, why such a modeling is needed, and where and when needed, and answer of this simple question is, considering some simple problems like ‘ to find out the width of a river (But your are not allowed to cross it), find out the temperature (but you are not allowed to use thermometer), means try to find out any Quantity or parameter/variable without existence or entity of that, and if virtual situation satisfied by using modeling technique, we implement that virtual model for actual situation. In last I want to conclude modeling is the heart of any branch of Education, weather its science, Arts, Commerce, Medical, Information Technology, Engineering or Management and in summaries form I want to say this paper is nothing but one of the theoretical model, which is for modeling of Management issues for perfect Business Simulation.
Dec 2018
K. Bhardwaj NishiCorresponding author
Joint Director, Avantha Centre for Industrial Research & Development, Paper Mill Campus, Yamuna Nagar – 135 001 (Haryana)
The agricultural organic wastes pose major environmental issues and their inappropriate disposal is a major cause of pollution while these as cheap lignocellulosic resources can be utilized for many value added products such as enzymes. The purpose of the present study was to utilize wheat bran as a sole substrate for enhanced cellulase production under submerged fermentation (SMF) or solid state fermentation (SSF) and optimize the various process variables involved in the selected fermentation type. In order to achieve high titer of cellulase, a central composite design (CCD) was constructed and performed for optimization of SSF with five process variables at five coded levels. A 25 full factorial design was constructed leading to a set of 50 experiments that were performed in triplicates. The key variables namely incubation time, temperature, wheat bran and tap water ratio, pH and inoculum size were evaluated. The optimization of the process variables resulted in 1.14 IU/ml of cellulase activity from Bacillus subtilis PJK6 under SSF using wheat bran as a sole organic substrate with tap water. The optimum conditions included incubation time- 72 h, temperature- 45oC, pH- 6, inoculum size- 14% with 1:4 as wheat bran and tap water ratio. The production of cellulase using only moistened wheat bran was demonstrated and found to be significantly controlled by incubation time and temperature while pH showed the least effect. The economic production of valuable and useful enzyme using agricultural residue was achieved at moderate conditions from a GRAS microbe that can benefit the industry as well as the environment.
Dec 2018 DOI 10.14302/issn.2578-8590.ipj-18-2524
Crespi FrancescoCorresponding author
Biology, GSK Verona, Italy
The pineal gland constitutes a major neuroendocrine organ in the brain. By mean of its neurohormone melatonin it transduces exogenous signals such as circadian and seasonal variations of light and temperature into proper hormonal changes which adjust and adapt internal endocrine functions. Alteration of circadian rhythms has been associated with affective disorders, psychosomatic diseases and cancer. It has been observed that light deprivation, which stimulates (the enzymes responsible for) melatonin production in the pineal, enhances the animal's ethanol preference. Similarly, administration of the pineal hormone to rats maintained under normal conditions of constant photoperiod also induced ethanol drinking. Our hypothesis is that in normal conditions melatonin might be acting as a cerebral "pacemaker", sensitive to endogenous as well as exogenous stimuli in the attempt to maintain an equilibrate circadian interaction between the cerebral activities of endogenous aminergic and opiates systems. Abnormal states (i.e. drug abuse) could result in altered pineal activity, then in rhythmically altered functions of cerebral opiates and/or monoamine neurotransmitters. This may led to the development of a “reward - urge for drug rhythm” resulting in craving, ending in addiction.
Dec 2018 DOI 10.14302/issn.2578-8590.ipj-18-2548
Habibzadeh NasimCorresponding author
PhD in Sport Science, Department of Sport Science, Teesside University, UK
Obesity generally accounts for a pathophysiology condition at which excessive body fats get accumulated in body parts. Among different - causes, ambient temperature such as cold environment can dramatically develop obesity in different individual. Cold weather influences the hormones that are related to the hunger and increases appetite toward overeating and subsequently inactivity . Controlling the calorie intakes through informative care are good strategies to prevent or govern obesity at any situation such as cold temperature
Nov 2018 DOI 10.14302/issn.2578-8590.ipj-18-2493
Habibzadeh NasimCorresponding author
PhD in Sport Science, Department of Sport Science, Teesside University, UK
Walking is the best possible exercise to promote fitness. However, ambient temperature has an impact on walking regimen and performing exercise in different biological conditions can be challenging tasks. For example, both cold and hot temperatures can impair walking performance. In fact, walking in different cold and warm ambient can be challenging physical activity. But suitable sport wears and drinks during walking performances can protect of the body in cold and warm conditions. In this relation, different cold and warm weathers although can challenge walking performance but they account for opportunities for body to adapt to the different seasonal conditions. Thus, performing regular walking in different cold and warm weathers can help individual to stay active as well as fit.
Nov 2018 DOI 10.14302/issn.2691-6622.ijar-18-2463
Miégoué EmileCorresponding author
University of Dschang, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences, Department of Animal Production Animal Nutrition and production Research Unit B.P. 222 Dschang, Cameroun
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of the substitution of fishmeal by Lima bean flouron the growth performance, survival rate and feed cost of Clariasgariepinusbetween March and May 2018 within the AIO ICG of the Batié District. It also aimed to contribute to the development of alternative sources of animal protein on a global scale. For this purpose, 300 fry of Clariasgariepinuswith an average weight of 3 ± 1.41g were divided into five batches and fed three times a day with rations corresponding to 5% of their ichthyobiomass. The rations R0, R25 R50, R75 and R100 respectively corresponded to the substitution rates of 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of fish meal by that of Lima bean. The physic-chemical characteristics of the water (pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, nitrites and nitrates) were measured daily. The following results were obtained: The highest weight gains were obtained with the rations R25 (20.56 ± 0.40 g), R50 (20.64 ± 0.32 g), R75 (20.98 ± 0.46 g) and the lowest with the rations of R100 (16.21 ± 0.28 g). The highest average daily gain were 0.36 ± 0.02 g; 0.37 ± 0.01 g ; 0.38 ± 0.01 g respectively for the R0, R50 and R75 rations and the lowest with R100 (0.29 ± 0.01 g). The highest value of the specific growth rate (2.47 ± 0.07%) was obtained with the ration R0 and the lowest (1.61%) with the ration R100. The consumption index reached its highest and lowest values with the rations R100 (4.74 ± 0.42) and R50 (3.57 ± 0.43) respectively, compared to the value of the ration R0 (3.31 ± 0.37) for this parameter. Concerning the condition factor K, the highest value was recorded with the R50 diet (1.11 ± 0.49) while the lowest value was obtained with the R75 diet (0.95 ± 0.45). The cost of producing one kilogram of food was higher with the R25 ration (504.59 FCFA) and lower with the R100 ration (443.20 FCFA). Our results revealed that incorporating 75% Lima bean flour into the feed increases the growth performance of Clariasgariepinus fry and reduces the cost of food production.
Oct 2018 DOI 10.14302/issn.2639-3166.jar-18-2397
Masoero GiorgioCorresponding author
Accademia di Agricoltura di Torino, Torino, Italy
The measurement of the in vivo raw pH of vegetative organs is a unusual way obtaining plant knowledge. The authenticity of the pH parameter of the leaf and its independence from soil pH has already been highlighted. In the present work we observe how and to what extent water-temperature mechanisms as well as bio-fertilizers inocula can affect the raw pH and how great the biodiversity is in plants. A trial with Arabidopsis thaliana in a phytotrone has shown that, in the dark, the raw pH did not change from +18 to +35 °C (b = -0.0027 N.S.), while in the light, the regression coefficients were significant and negative, and the acidification in the leaves progressed from high (-0.0097) to normal (-0.0127) and then to low (-0.0370) water level. We have confirmed that warming induces a decrease of raw petiole pH of -0.070 pH C°-1 in grapevine leaves. In accordance with water-temperature mechanisms, the raw pH in grapevines has been found to be significantly higher in well-watered plants (pH = 4.29) than in stressed ones (4.12), with a pH decay of -3.9%. On the other hand, an average reduction of 0.10 units of raw pH would signal an increase in water stress of about -0.59 Mpa. Among the phenomena that can influence the raw pH, we have outlined three biotic factors: i) acidification as a result of a symbiotic farming fertilization i.e through the use of mycorrhizal and microbial fertilizers, with an average decay of around -3%, as a probable signature of symbiosis; ii) an “acida plantarum natura” scenario over 49 species, ranging from pH 3.06 to 6.38 ; iii) a strong (R2= 0.9) inverse polynomial pseudo-relationship of the number of fungicide sprays on the raw pH in a set of 15 species. It is suggested that this simple new multifaceted parameter can deserve interest.
Sep 2018 DOI 10.14302/issn.2689-2855.jan-18-2342
Belousov AndreyCorresponding author
Laboratory of Applied Nanotechnology of Belousov.
This study was devoted to the learning of the use of nanotechnology to correct the functional activity of red blood cells (RBCs) at the storage stages at a positive temperature. It was established that saline NaCl, which had previously been processed by magnetite nanoparticles (ICNB) had a marked membrane-stabilizing effect, inhibits hemolysis and increasing the sedimentation stability of preserved RBCs. The complex analysis of the obtained data allowed to determine the primary mechanisms effect of the saline NaCl, which had previously been processed by ICNB on the preserved RBCs. The proposed method of additive modernization of preserved RBCs was adapted to the production process. The optimization results were obtained in creating a simple and practical method of additive modernization of preservation solutions that does not violate the compliance requirements, improves the quality, efficiency and safety transfusion of RBCs.
Aug 2018 DOI 10.14302/issn.2690-4721.ijcm-18-2217
Samaras ShivanthiCorresponding author
Molecular Microbiology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Hawthorn Building, The Gateway, De Montfort University, Leicester, LE1 9BH United Kingdom
Background Overuse of beta-lactam antibiotics has lead to selection for extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing Enterobacteriaceae, a major cause of antibiotic resistant urinary tract infections (UTIs). Standard detection methods are time-consuming, with disputed accuracy. This study describes a novel real-time PCR method to detect CTX-M, SHV, OXA and TEM. Methods 179 Enterobacteriaceae isolates from UTIs were collected from the Leicester Royal Infirmary, UK. A multiplex Plexor®-based real-time PCR assay detected ESBLs using their specific amplicon melting temperature, during each cycle, removing the need for a melt-curve analysis. Validation was achieved by end-point PCR and disk diffusion. Results The method was able to produce rapid and accurate results, achieving a sensitivity and specificity of 94.9% and 72% respectively, and the assay can differentiate between the different ESBL genes, with ease. Conclusions With further investigation, a Plexor®-based assay could form the basis of a high-throughput kit that health services could use to detect ESBLs or other antibiotic resistance genes.
Jul 2018 DOI 10.14302/issn.2642-3146.jec-18-2232
Aljerf LoaiCorresponding author
Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria
Critical conditions are usually obtained for ignition in a self-heating solid system consisting of two components generating heat independently, one component being inexhaustible and the other exhaustible by either simple first order or autocatalytic reaction. Ignition depends upon whether the exhaustible component can cause a temperature rise in excess of the upper stationary, but unstable, value possible for the inexhaustible component reacting alone. The system provides a theoretical model for some commonly occurring examples of self-heating and ignition in porous solids containing oxidisable oils. It is shown that: (a) the ignition criterion of the model, which involves a nonarbitrary critical temperature increase, has a high degree of physical reality; (b) the model is, in principle, capable of predicting ignition from primary kinetic and thermal data; (c) it is likely to be possible often to make a reliable prediction of critical size for self-ignition in a two-component system at ordinary atmospheric temperatures by a simple extrapolation from small-scale ignition data, obtained at higher temperatures, in the same way as for ignition due to a single reaction. Examination of both adiabatic and non-adiabatic flame theories showed that a 'steady state' exists only under the special condition that a heat sink exists at the initial temperature. For the general case of freely propagating, non-adiabatic flames only a quasi-steady state can be achieved.
Jun 2018 DOI 10.14302/issn.2642-3146.jec-18-2135
Wang QianCorresponding author
School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., 212013 Jiangsu, China.
Combustion of fossil fuels provides around 88% of total energy supply for modern society, and meanwhile causes many environ mental problems and social problems such as air pollution and energy crisis. Therefore，both at home and abroad are focusing on the research and development of natural gas engine recently. However, the mass production and application of this kind of engine are restricted by some unsolved technical difficulties. This paper explored the injection, combustion and emission processes of diesel/ natural gas and dual fuel engine based on Chemkin II, Fire software and Schlieren method. The experimental study on the mixing process of dual fuel jet was carried out by using high-speed Schlieren method in a constant volume bomb. Based on the Fire software, and then applied to Chemkin II software to analyze the effect of the initial temperature and pressure on the net heat production and combustion emissions. The results show that Dual fuel mechanism is capable of producing different heat production behaviors when varying the initial pressure and temperature CO2 emissions are minimized by changing the initial pressure above or below the atmospheric value. However, CO emissions are peaked when diesel fuel is used. The dual fuel engine minimizes the CO emissions amount caused by diesel fuel. Increasing the initial pressure eliminates dual fuel CO2 combustion emissions. The research of this paper is important to optimize the in cylinder combustion processes of natural gas engine, and have a certain important meaning to guide the development of diesel ignition dual fuel engine.
Apr 2018 DOI 10.14302/issn.2578-8590.ipj-18-2078
Kakitsuba NaoshiCorresponding author
Department of Environment and Technology, School of Science and Technology, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
Background: The core interthreshold zone (CIZ) is defined as the range between core temperature (Tc) at the onset of shivering and the Tc at the onset of sweating under consistent mean skin temperatures of 28°C to 30°C. A previous study demonstrated a diurnal change in the CIZ for male subjects and its relationship to the cutaneous sensation threshold zone (CSZ). In the present study, diurnal changes in the CIZ and the CSZ for young Japanese female subjects were investigated using the same experimental protocol from the study of male subjects and the sex differences in these responses were then examined. Methods: The CIZ and the CSZ were measured in 10 female subjects who participated in three experiments in a single day during the morning, afternoon, and evening in the summer of 2014 (single-day experiment), and six female subjects who participated in the same experiments on the morning of day 1, the afternoon of day 2, and the evening of day 3 during the summer of 2016 (multiple-day experiment). Air temperature was controlled at 25°C. Each subject wore a suit perfused with 25°C water at a rate of 600 cc/min, and exercised at 50% of their maximum work rate on an ergometer for 10–15 min until their sweating rate increased. They then remained seated, without exercising, until their oxygen uptake increased. Rectal temperature, skin temperature at seven sites, the forehead-sweating rate, and oxygen uptake were continuously monitored throughout the experiment. Cutaneous warm and cold sensation thresholds were measured at three sites using 1-cm2 and 2-cm2 probes. Results: The results from the single-day experiment demonstrated that the CIZ was proportional to core temperature prior to exercise (Tc-init) whereas the results from the multiple-day experiment demonstrated that the CIZ increased continuously from morning to evening despite almost a constant Tc-init. The CIZ appeared to be proportional to the CSZ measured with the 2-cm2 probe. When compared with the results from the previous study of men, no significant sex difference was observed between the CIZ of 0.25±0.07°C for female subjects and 0.21±0.05°C for male subjects. Conclusion: No significant sex difference or diurnal variation in the CIZ was confirmed. Continuous increase in the CIZ from morning until evening is expected in both men and women under a normal Tc circadian rhythm.
Dec 2017 DOI 10.14302/issn.2640-6403.jtrr-17-1840
Rogina AnamarijaCorresponding author
Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb
Up till now, chitosan has confirmed its versatile application in skin, cartilage and bone tissue engineering, as well as in drug delivery applications. This study is focused on enzymatic degradation of porous chitosan structures usually designed for mentioned purposes. In vitro degradation was monitored during four weeks of incubation at physiological temperature and in two different media, phosphate buffer saline solution and water. The scaffolds were characterised before and after enzymatic degradation using scanning electron microscopy and infrared spectroscopy with Fourier transformations (FTIR). According to the gravimetric analysis, higher weight loss of chitosan scaffolds was observed in buffered medium with respect to the water. The results implied that the total weight loss obtained in buffer involves physical dissolution of chitosan and lysozyme cleavage of glycoside bond. Importantly, FTIR identification of chitosan scaffolds after enzymatic degradation indicated the absence of lysozyme activity in water, indicating that weight loss is a result of the chitosan dissolution. This finding greatly impacts design of degradation experiments and characterisation of degradation behaviour of chitosan-based materials utilised as implants or drug delivery systems.
Dec 2017 DOI 10.14302/issn.2637-6075.jpae-17-1863
Liu YanchunCorresponding author
International Joint Research Laboratory for Global Change Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
Water availability is one of the fundamental drivers for biological activities and terrestrial carbon cycling. Although the response of soil respiration to precipitation has been well documented in arid and semiarid ecosystems, our understanding of its pattern in forests is rather limited. This study was conducted to examine the difference of precipitation effect on soil respiration under different canopy conditions in a temperate coniferous (Pinus armandii Franch) and broadleaved (Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata) mixed forest in Central China. The results showed that precipitation significantly reduced soil temperature, but increased soil volumetric water content and soil respiration (6.0%-35.3%). Precipitation caused a greater increment in soil respiration beneath the canopy of broadleaved trees (24.2%) than that beneath coniferous ones (13.5%). Precipitation-induced increase in soil respiration was consistently lower beneath the canopy of small size classes (7.1%-32.6%) than large size classes (9.5%-33.3%). Mean soil respiration of forest gaps increased 22.4% following precipitations. Our study highlights the positive response of soil respiration to precipitation pulses in water-unlimited ecosystems. The findings suggest that the spatial heterogeneity of soil respiration to precipitation pulse under different canopy conditions should be emphasized while assessing terrestrial carbon cycling and its feedback to climate change.
Dec 2017
Aljerf LoaiCorresponding author
Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Damascus
p-hydroxybenzoic acid esters are used as food and drug preservatives. These compounds were quantised by a reversed-phase thin-layer chromatography method based on the use of silanized silica gel as stationary phase. Thin layers chromatography of silanized silica gel (HF254) is implemented to separate p-hydroxybenzoic acid and its methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl and benzyl esters. Borate buffer (pH 2) was used as a mobile phase with the addition of organic solvent as required. For the quantitative determination, the solutions to be analysed were applied in bands on 5 x 20 cm plates. The plates are developed in glass chromatography chambers lined with filter paper. After the plates have been developed they are dried at room temperature. The spots or bands of the various compounds are visualised under a 250-mµ UV light source. The extraction of the silica gel with methanol was effective. Six preservatives were separated with better results for benzyl- and butyl-p-hydroxybenzoates. Chromatographic development controlled by temperature stability in the chromatographic chamber and spectrophotometric determination of all the compounds were indicated. A second development with the same solvent mixture was suggested especially when low RF is involved. Various compounds are completely separated and a good determination of p-hydroxybenzoic acid and its principle esters are possible using a simple technique of elution and spectrophotometric determination.
Jul 2017 DOI 10.14302/issn.3070-5835.jcpn-17-1562
V. Seeman MaryCorresponding author
Professor Emerita, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 260 Heath Street W. Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5P 3L6.
Second-generation antipsychotics have relatively recently become available in long-acting intramuscular formulations (LAIs) and have been receiving a substantial amount of pharmaceutical industry promotion on the grounds that they improve treatment adherence in patients with psychotic illness. LAIs do have some drawbacks, however, which is the topic area covered by this review. A Global Scholar search of the nursing and medical literature reveals several factors that can negatively impinge on the clinical efficacy of LAIs: 1. The extent of training of injection personnel 2. The quality of surveillance of patient symptoms and side effects 3. The skilled use of the full range of injection techniques 4. The extent of drug accumulation over time 5. The potential loss of drug dose flexibility 6. The impact of exercise and temperature on drug distribution 7. The burden of the medication routine and the social burdens of LAIs 8. The safety of LAIs during pregnancy 9. The perceived coerciveness of LAIs 10. Issues of overdose and polypharmacy 11. Issues of cost 12. The important issue of responsibility for self-management of illness. Although the evidence is clinical and anecdotal, LAIs appear to work well for many patients, but their drawbacks are not negligible. Clinicians need to weigh individual risks and benefits when making treatment decisions.
Mar 2016 DOI 10.14302/issn.2572-5424.jgm-16-1353
V. Kozyreva TamaraCorresponding author
Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Pirogov str. 2, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
The possible interrelation of ethanol and the membrane protein molecules such as TRP ion channels in the whole living organism has not been studied. In the present research we study the influence of ethanol (50%) and agonist of TRPM8 ion channel L-menthol (1% in 50% ethanol) application to abdominal skin on the thermoregulatory response to cooling in rats. We used two types of cooling with the different rates of skin temperature decrease - 0.1 °C/sec for rapid and 0.005°C/s for slow cooling. It was shown, that the effects of ethanol and activation of the cold-sensitive TRPM8 ion channel are mainly directed at different components of thermoregulatory metabolic response to cold. Menthol, as an agonist of the TRPM8 ion channel, besides the constrictor vascular response stimulates predominantly the emergency first phase of metabolic response which appears only at rapid cooling without any effect on the second phase of metabolic response to cooling. Ethanol inhibits the most powerful second phase of metabolic response to cold which is manifested at decreased deep body temperature and is associated with the development of not only non-shivering but also shivering thermogenesis. Effect of ethanol is accompanied by the acceleration of the deep body temperature fall. Ethanol does not prevent the effect of menthol on thermoregulatory blood vessel and emergency phase of metabolic response, and the activation of the cold-sensitive TRPM8 ion channel by menthol has no obvious influence on the effects of ethanol – inhibition being the most powerful thermogenic component of the metabolic response to cold.
Dec 2015 DOI 10.14302/issn.2471-2140.jaa-15-797
Kevers ClaireCorresponding author
Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology and CEDEVIT B22, University of Liège Chemin de la Vallée, 4, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège Belgium
Liège syrup is a Belgian traditional cooked fruit foodstuff, produced mainly from apples and pears. The process includes several hours of heating at high temperature during which complex chemical reactions occur, such as Maillard condensation between reducing sugars and amino acids. Aiming at understanding the modifications of the fruit juices during heating, different parameters were monitored throughout the process. It was shown that hydoxymethylfurfural was formed during the first step of concentration by heating. At the end of the process, hydroxymethylfurfural had totally disappeared and the deep brown color of the product suggested that this compound was transformed into melanoidins. A parallel increase in antioxidant capacity was also observed. To determine optimal conditions to reach high melanoidin content and high antioxidant capacity, different in vitro model systems were compared. It was shown that different combinations of an amino acid with glucose or fructose led to different levels of hydroxymethyfurfural, of melanoidins and antioxidant capacity. After heating of apple or pear puree, an increase of the antioxidant capacity and the hydroxymethylfurfural and melanoidin contents was observed when the heating time was doubled. An increase of the pH from 5 to 9 in apple marmalade’s also induced an increase in antioxidant capacity and in hydroxymethylfurfural and melanoidins. However it was not the case in pear marmalade where only the increase in antioxidant capacity was observed. These results suggest that some parameters of the processing could be modified to improve the health-promoting effect of this traditional food (antioxidant properties and composition in hydroxymethylfurfural and melanoidins). The main factors affecting the quality of the final product were the cooking times, the temperature, the pH, the addition of reducing sugars or amino acids.
May 2015 DOI 10.14302/issn.2642-3146.jec-13-292
Ali ZeeshanCorresponding author
Applied Chemistry Research Centre, Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Laboratories
After processing of cotton seed oil (CSO) the activated bleaching clay (ABC) is converted to low valued waste bleaching clay (WBC). The chemical composition of ABC from Mirpur, Azad Kashmir region of Pakistan is found out as; SiO2 71.34, Al2O3 15.54, CaO 2.72, MgO 1.48, Na2O 0.51, K2O 0.23, Fe2O3 0.02. The clay has bleachability (74 %) and oil retention (32.70 %) by standard method (ASTM). The cotton seed oil recovered (CSOR) with polar/nonpolar solvents (31.1-36.3 %) have different FFA values (0.2-0.85). However, lower percentage of tri-esters (88 %) was found out in dark coloured CSOR as compare to freshly n-hexane extracted CSO (92.5 %) from edible oil refinery. The lower FFA (0.2) valued CSOR with n-hexane is transesterified at optimized conditions to mono alkyl esters (CSOR-FAME). The reaction was optimised by performing series of experiments to observe molar conc., of methanol-oil (3-18:1), catalysts; NaOH, NaOCH3, KOH, KOCH3- oil (0.25-1.5), temperature (20-80°C), reflux time (120 min) and mixing intensity (200-650 rpm). The maximum yield of biodiesel (98.5 %) has been found out by NaOCH3 (1.00 %) as catalyst, methanol-oil (6:1) at temperature (65°C) and stirring intensity (650 rpm). The properties of CSOR-FAME (biodiesel) are also under limits as per standards; ASTM 6751, EN 14214 and WBC/ CSOR-FAME appear to be an acceptable feedstock for fatty acids/biodiesel production as renewable fuel.