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Dec 2025
The body interacts with endogenous and exogenous molecules through various receptor networks at the cellular and organismal levels by which the different physiological processes of the organ systems get activated. Life could no longer exist without the body’s interaction with these signaling molecules. The number of molecules interacted with a receptor type within the body determines the efficiency of biological processes that would determine the biochemistry and anatomy behind the basic body functions. The dose plays a complex role in multiple physiological processes by modulating the natural processes of the different biological systems. It is always connected to the physiological and anatomical aspects of the biological sciences in which it manifests the biological sensitivity that would determine the efficiency of biological responses of the body systems. There are always physiologic and non-physiologic doses for every compound administered into the biological systems. The does that facilitated the body to manifest that biological sensitivity which has maintained the physiological processes of the body systems was noted as physiologic dose, whereas the dose that has suppressed the biological sensitivity of the body that became inefficient in maintaining the physiological processes of the different biological systems was termed non-physiologic dose. It is important to adjust the dose or dosage based on physical and biological factors such as the efficiency of the different organ systems, body weight, and the timing of the dose triggering a biological response to maintain the natural processes of the body systems. This means that integrated biological data is required in order to be able to identify the physiologic and non physiologic doses for biological or pharmacological use.
Dec 2025 DOI 10.14302/issn.2691-5014.jphn-25-5577
Infants with single ventricle (SV) physiology are at increased risk of undernutrition, which can contribute to adverse outcomes. This is a retrospective case series examining factors associated with undernutrition in patients with SV physiology at one year of age. It includes 56 infants from a single institution who underwent SV palliation between 2003 and 2023. Undernutrition was defined as a weight-for-length z-score (WLZ) below -1, based on World Health Organization (WHO) normative data. Independent variables included surgical interventions, cardiorespiratory factors, and nutritional interventions. Associations between these variables and nutritional status were assessed using Fisher’s exact test. At one year, a total of nine infants (16%) were undernourished. Undernutrition rates significantly declined after 2013 (p=0.02), demonstrating improvements in nutritional outcomes over our study period. Those who used supplemental oxygen or pulmonary medications were undernourished at lower rates. While this difference was not statistically significant, the number of undernourished patients in the cohort may have limited the study’s power. Our findings suggest that early respiratory interventions may provide nutritional benefits in infants with SV physiology.
Jun 2024 DOI 10.14302/issn.2578-8590.ipj-24-5107
Maintaining Cardiac Hemodinamy and Electrophysiology
Nov 2018 DOI 10.14302/issn.2578-8590.ipj-18-2493
Walking is the best possible exercise to promote fitness. However, ambient temperature has an impact on walking regimen and performing exercise in different biological conditions can be challenging tasks. For example, both cold and hot temperatures can impair walking performance. In fact, walking in different cold and warm ambient can be challenging physical activity. But suitable sport wears and drinks during walking performances can protect of the body in cold and warm conditions. In this relation, different cold and warm weathers although can challenge walking performance but they account for opportunities for body to adapt to the different seasonal conditions. Thus, performing regular walking in different cold and warm weathers can help individual to stay active as well as fit.
Nov 2018 DOI 10.14302/issn.2578-8590.ipj-18-2465
Objective: Soccer has a reduced overall recovery time. If these situations are not properly controlled they can cause the athlete chronic fatigue, an increase in delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) and thus result in a decrease in athletic performance. There are several therapies that have attempted to improve athletic performance, decrease the percentage of injuries and results in soccer. Training and recovery instances are opportunities to find ways to address this issue. Understanding the physiology of recovery is essential to accelerate some processes, with the aim of shortening the times. Subjects: Cryotherapy could improve functional performance tests and decrease pain in soccer players. Our work design is an experimental prospective study. Method: Twenty subjects (10 experimental subjects and 10 control group subjects), between the ages of 17 and 23, who are members of a university men's soccer team, participated in the study. The following variables were controlled: power; the number of jumps, the average height of a jump in a 30-second continuous jump test, and DOMS perception through visual analog scale (VAS). Both groups shall be subjected to a more active recovery as well as elongation carried out by the coaching staff. In addition to this, the experimental group shall also be subjected to ice baths (42-47 °F) for three minutes. Results: We found significant statistical differences in the number of jumps and the power of the same in the control group, thus obtaining improvements. No significant differences were observed in either group for the average jump height and percentage yield variables. In the assessment of DOMS significant differences were observed, with a lower perception of DOMS seen in the experimental group. Conclusion: Ice baths provide favorable results in some aspects of the 30-second continuous jump test, decreasing the perception of leg pain and fatigue, and therefore they can be considered a valid alternative in the management of these athletes.
Oct 2018 DOI 10.14302/issn.2578-8590.ipj-18-2441
Physiological changes in musculature allow widespread movements in human body. Correspondingly, varying in muscle prototypes characterise direct different training paradigms in therapeutics practice or can governs athletic performances. Mode of muscle contraction type are isometric, concentric or eccentric. Great examples of concentric exercise are walking- up-hill, stair ascent and lifting a dumbbell in bicep curl or pushing a bar up. Examples of eccentric muscle actions are walking - down-hill, satire decent and, isokinetic arm and leg extensions. During isometric muscle contraction the length of muscle does not change while muscle exert force .This type of movement can be seen while a person performs a maximal voluntary contractions (MVCs).Eccentric exercises increasing the concentric and isometric contraction as well. Performing the eccentric muscle contraction in daily life enhance quality of life and lifespan due to increasing muscle strength with low cost of energy consuming and thus it can apply in variety of domains. A simple walking task such as downhill - walking (i.e. 30 min) can provide the aforementioned conditions.
May 2018 DOI 10.14302/issn.2694-2283.jsem-18-1942
This perspective advocates comparative exercise physiology across species to advance understanding of performance, adaptation, and health applications.
Feb 2018 DOI 10.14302/issn.2578-8590.ipj-17-1919
A reflective piece touches on core physiological concepts and experimental approaches, linking basic mechanisms to clinical insight and education.
Nov 2016 DOI 10.14302/issn.2574-450X.jom-16-1268
Human obesity is now universal and has drawn serious attention of international academia to unravel its pathophysiology and treatment. In recent years, efforts are being made to understand the complex physiology of both white and brown adipose tissue in detail with relevance to obesity. A large number of secretions from the white fat called the adipokines have been recognized that play a definitive role in obesity and its disorders. Innumerable regulators grouped mainly under the transcriptional, hormonal and signaling factors that govern the thermogenic functions of brown fat have been worked out. Based on these revelations, strong suggestions have been made for treating obesity specially by targeting the brown fat as it plays a key role in energy expenditure as well as through behavioral, pharmacological, physiological and surgical approaches. Such findings have been reported in a nutshell in this communication
Mar 2026
Breathing has long been recognised as a vital process in Eastern traditions such as YOGA and Ayurvedic medicine, where Pranayama is regarded as a transformative practice that harmonises body and mind. While the East developed sophisticated systems of breath regulation for health and self-awareness, the West largely overlooked their significance until the late 19th and early 20th centuries. A group of pioneering physicians, sometimes referred to as "the pulmonauts", including Christian Bohr, Konstantin Buteyko, and Peter M Litchfield, explored the physiological foundations of respiration. They emphasised the benefits of slow, nasal breathing and its relationship to both physical and emotional well- being. In the 21st century, contemporary researchers and practitioners such as James Nestor, J. Patrick McKeown and Anders Olsson have expanded this understanding through the fields of biochemistry, physiology, and biomechanics. Their work has clarified the mechanisms underlying conscious breathing and refined ancient pranayama techniques. Integrating insights from both Eastern and Western traditions reveals that breathing is a central factor in maintaining homeostasis and emotional balance.
Feb 2026 DOI 10.14302/issn.2641-5518.jcci-26-5982
Introduction A retained surgical towel in the abdomen is a serious postoperative complication and the most avoidable. Known as “gossypiboma”, it may migrate into adjoining cavities like the stomach, small bowel, colon, vagina, urinary bladder, pericardium, and urethra. Case Report A 32-year-old male presented with complaints of abdominal pain, 4 months after a laparotomy for complicated appendicitis. Initial history and presentation gave an impression of a lower urinary tract obstruction. However, symptoms progressed with signs of bowel obstruction and investigations pointed to a possible retained foreign body. This was confirmed on laparotomy with indications of a transmural migration during the period of evaluation. The report discusses the pathophysiology and manifestations of a migratory surgical gossypiboma. Conclusions A rare case of gossypiboma displaying transmural migration is reported. This showed an initially peritoneally placed sponge that migrated into the intestinal lumen with the sudden presentation of obstructive symptoms. Routine practice of the World Health Organization Surgical Safety Checklist can significantly prevent these incidents.
Dec 2024 DOI 10.14302/issn.2470-0436.jos-24-5322
Studies show that individuals with limited health literacy skills experience worse health outcomes in a multitude of chronic diseases including glaucoma. These patients have poorer compliance, worse disease understanding and greater disease progression. The main purpose of our study was to evaluate the knowledge about glaucoma basic concepts in patients with this disease. A 24 question survey was given to patients followed by the glaucoma department, by phone or in person. Epidemiological data and personal therapeutic regimens were collected as well as data concerning the pathophysiology, treatment and prognosis of the disease. Survey responses were obtained from 79 patients with a mean age of 72 years old. Most of the patients had a low education level. The majority of patients could not enumerate glaucoma risk factors (74.5%), their glaucoma type (94.9%) or the best glaucoma definition (57%). However, they were able to relate the disease to a high IOP (75.9%) and the possibility of it leading to blindness (96.2%). We believe that patients, when observed in their glaucoma appointments, tend to retain information related to the prognosis and consequences of the disease and not focus on the understanding of its pathophysiology, causes and mechanisms, which may reflect their concern about their own future. However, this may lead to some misconceptions about the definition of glaucoma and specially about what can cause this disease. Some investment should be done to improve health literacy in the glaucoma population, with appropriate language and handed material.
Sep 2024 DOI 10.14302/issn.2574-4488.jna-24-5219
Primary membranous nephropathy (MN) is due to autoantibodies to phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R Ab). It is unclear whether COVID-19 vaccines can trigger flares of glomerular diseases such as primary MN. There have been increasing reports of glomerular diseases presenting or flaring after receipt of COVID-19 vaccines. We present a patient with primary MN who developed nephrotic syndrome after receiving her second mRNA-1273 COVID-19 vaccine with positive PLA2R Ab. Renal biopsy confirmed primary MN. She was treated for her primary MN flare with rituximab in a manner similar to non-vaccine-associated MN, which led to significant reduction in both PLA2R Ab level and proteinuria. This case adds to the growing literature on MN flares after receipt of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines. Close follow-up of patients with primary MN and other glomerular diseases after COVID-19 vaccination is warranted. Further research is needed to determine the pathophysiology behind vaccine-induced MN flares and whether there is a potential association between exposure to SARS-CoV-2 antigens and loss of tolerance to the PLA2R antigen.
Feb 2024 DOI 10.14302/issn.2574-4518.jsdr-24-4922
A state‑of‑the‑science review links the endocannabinoid system to circadian regulation and sleep physiology, examining therapeutic prospects and research gaps.
Mar 2022 DOI 10.14302/issn.2379-7835.ijn-22-4120
We are experiencing years of profound cultural revolution. New insights into the microbiota upset concepts in physiology, medicine, and nutrition. The role of the microbiota for our health is increasingly evident. We are increasingly certain that our health depends on that of the microbiota, or, rather, on its strength in controlling the physiology of body organs, the mechanisms of repair and protection. It is not so much a pathogen that makes us fall ill, but a reduced ability to protect and repair ourselves from damage produced by pathogens that affect us continually. Current knowledge leads us to a new medicine aimed at curing the microbiota so that it can (come back to) take care of us. In this new medicine, food rediscovers a fundamental role, since it is the best way to communicate with the microbiota, to modulate and strengthen it. And it is curious how the most recent acquisitions bring us back to the past, to an ancient medicine, which we had forgotten after the discovery of drugs, imagined capable of acting on complex pathogenetic mechanisms. By acting, more simply, on the microbiota we can activate powerful endogenous mechanisms, which keep us healthy, when we are, more powerful than any drug we can invent. Now there is nothing left to do but apply the new knowledge.
Feb 2022 DOI 10.14302/issn.2574-4488.jna-21-4039
The function of the thyroid gland is one of the most important in the human body as it regulates the majority of the body's physiological actions. The thyroid produces hormones (T3 and T4) that have many actions including metabolism, development, protein synthesis, and the regulation of many other important hormones. There is a lot of interaction between the kidney and thyroid gland during the disease States thyroid hormones have a major role in regulating the glomerular filtration rate through its hormonal actions in normal physiology. But these things are altered in the disease States such as chronic kidney disease. It is a well-known fact that hypothyroidism causes decreased Glomerular filtration rate whereas hyperthyroidism causes increased Glomerular filtration rate leading to renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activation. In our study we aim to see the prevalence of low T3 syndrome in different stages of CKD which is a state of physiological benefit in preserving the proteins lost through the Kidneys in CKD patients and since CKD is progressed in hyperthyroidism state it is a protective mechanism in restoring the CKD status. Other subclinical hypothyroidism hyperthyroidism. Autoimmune hypothyroidism. Glomerulonephritis are all part of a dynamic endocrine and nephrology sequence. Thorough knowledge of these is required for optimum treatment of thyroid in CKD patients.
Nov 2021 DOI 10.14302/issn.2692-1537.ijcv-21-4007
Cognitive abilities are of immense importance for the normal life sustenance of a human being. As cognitive impairment ensues, the living caliber declines. Among multiple factors, the current epidemic coronavirus diseases 2019 (COVID-19) has been implicated in worsening cognitive performance of the COVID-19 sufferers. Present article pinpoints the etiology and patho physiology as well as recommendations to overcome the COVID-19 led cognitive decline.
May 2021 DOI 10.14302/issn.2470-5020.jnrt-21-3843
Background Perimedullary arteriovenous fistulae, or type IV spinal cord arteriovenous malformations, are very rare and not well-known lesions. This paper aims to present our endovascular experience with these lesions. Methods We report our experience with 4 patients with perimedullary arteriovenous fistulae, subtypes b and c (macrofistulae), exhibiting severe neurological impairment. The patients were treated with endovascular embolization. Results Complete fistula eradication was achieved in all of them. One complication occurred. We discuss the natural history, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, prognosis and embolization techniques, along with the angiographic and clinical outcomes. Conclusion Our experience with endovascular embolization as an upfront treatment allowed us to eradicate these lesions in a safe and effective way, arresting the clinical worsening and reversing partially or completely the neurological injury in most of our cases.
Nov 2020 DOI 10.14302/issn.2470-5020.jnrt-20-3596
Background Reversible posterior encephalopathy syndrome (RPE) is a clinical and radiological entity characterized by the acute or subacute fitting of symptoms covering headache, vomiting, visual disturbances, seizures and impairment of consciousness. The pathophysiology of RPE syndrome is poorly described. RPE syndrome is characterized by a reversible cerebral edema of often posterior topography in magnetic resonance imagery (MRI). Cases Presentation We consider RPE syndrome four cases under various conditions that are known as airplane flight, hypertension, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication, pregnancy and oldness with several pathologies. The RPE was described with several symptoms like headaches, vomiting, focal motor deficit, paresthesia, seizures, disorders of consciousness and photophobia. The imagery findings were varying from cortical hypersignals in Flair sequences to edema of both cortex and sub cortex. The outcome was good with a complete regression of symptoms and imagery lesions. Conclusion The pathophysiological mechanism of RPE syndrome remains unknown. High blood pressure, renal failure and drugs (anti-depressants, NSAIDs, immunosuppressants) are the most etiological factors. The diagnosis is based on clinical arguments and brain MRI. The main location is posterior. The clinical outcome was good with all the patients in our study, no recurrence was noted.
Jun 2020 DOI 10.14302/issn.2372-6601.jhor-20-3372
Immune thrombocytopenia currently called under its’ new name, immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is a disease characterized by thrombocytopenia, in which the body attacks its own platelets due to the disorders in immune system. The pathophysiology of this disease includes increased platelet destruction and most megakaryocyte production in bone marrow. The most common clinical manifestation of ITP is mild or severe progressive bleeding that could result in death. ITP is generally named as primary or secondary ITP according to thrombocytopenia severity, disease duration, bleeding status and secondary occurrence of the disease. Currently for diagnosis, despite the blood count, antiglobulin test and laboratory tests that can detect platelet-bound antibodies, they are not enough for definitive diagnosis. Like the difficulty in diagnosis, ITP treatment is quite complicated which varies depending on age, characteristics and risk of the patient. It is classified as first, second and third-line treatment options. Also, depending on the condition of patients, combined treatment might be an option which increases the complexity of the treatment. Unfortunately, discussions related to different clinical applications in diagnosis and treatments continue recently. For this reason, we considered that preparation of a review containing recent updates in diagnostic approaches and treatment options in ITP will be remarkable and beneficial for physicians interested in this subject.
May 2020 DOI 10.14302/issn.2575-7881.jdrr-20-3343
Background Anemia of chronic disease is anemia found in certain chronic disease states, is typically marked by the disturbance of iron homeostasis or hypoferremia. Chronic renal failure is currently known as Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) or Chronic Renal Insufficiency (CRI) implies long-standing, progressive and irreversible renal parenchyma disease resulting in diminished renal function up to 40 to 60%. Often, chronic kidney disease is diagnosed as a result of screening of people known to be at risk of kidney problems, such as those with high blood pressure or diabetes and those with a blood relative with chronic kidney disease. This disease may also be identified when it leads to one of its recognized complications such as cardiovascular disease, anemia, or pericarditis. Methods Sysmex kx21 used to CBC and the Cobase411 used to iron profile. Enzyme-Linked immunoassay (ELISA) was used to determine the level of serum hepcidin. Sample preparation and PCR detection of HAMP DNA Polymorphisms: Restriction digestion of PCR products was done using Fast Digest. (Figure 1). Results Serum hepcidin levels higher in patients with anemia of chronic kidney disease compared with healthy controls mean. The polymorphisms of the hepcidin gene promoter in Sudanese patients with ACKD showed that the hepcidin HAMP AA genotype 70, AG 23, and GG 7 in 100 patients dialysis-dependent and AA 83, AG 17 and GG 0, and the allele A are more frequent in patients affected by ACKD. Significant statistical association observed between the hepcidin level and end-stage kidney disease. Conclusion This study evaluates for the first time the association between anemia of chronic kidney disease and hepcidin genes promoter polymorphisms and show that the hepcidin HAMP AA genotype and the allele A are more frequent in patients affected by ACKD, further investigation is needed, our data support the hypothesis and hepcidin HAMP are important in the pathophysiology of ACKD.
Mar 2020 DOI 10.14302/issn.2574-612X.ijpr-20-3213
Introduction Scientific evidence has established the benefits of meditation and sound vibrations on emotional and physiological health. Aim of the Study The study explored changes in mood and Heart Rate Variability (HRV) after HSB Sound Bath Meditation on healthy individuals. The objectives of the study were to understand if a 40-minute-long seated HSB Sound Bath Meditation results in changes (a) in mood measured via Positive And Negative Affect Scale (PANAS) and Abbreviated Profile of Mood States (POMS) Survey and (b) in physiological parameters, as measured by HRV. Methods The psychological parameters were measured with PANAS (N=77) and Abbreviated POMS, (N=17). The physiology was measured with HRV parameters such as Heart Rate (HR), Stress Index (SI) and Root Mean Square of Standard Deviation (RMSSD) using the EmWave Pro device (N=15). HRV data analysis was conducted with Kubios HRV Premium and analyzed using a paired T-Test. Results All the subjects after meditation showed improvement in Positive Affect (PA) and a reduction in Negative Affect (NA). The HRV parameters showed a trend showing overall relaxation with a significant reduction in HR, SI and an increase in RMSSD. Consistent with changes in positive, negative mood and HRV, all the participants showed a reduction in tension, anger, fatigue, depression and confusion and improvement in esteem related affect and vigor. Conclusion The findings show that seated HSB Sound Bath Meditation session has a positive impact on mood-related measures and physiology. Future work in this area could explore comparison with a control group and a longer study duration comprising multiple sessions.
Mar 2020 DOI 10.14302/issn.2766-869X.jfd-20-3193
Fusarium solani NVS671 identified from infected sugarcane stem of Co 671 as a new pathogen was subjected to various cultural conditions to understand its physiological profile. In continuation with our previous work, cultural analysis was carried out under in vitro condition by supplementing various carbon and nitrogen sources in Czapek-Dox agar (CDA). Under different hydrogen ion concentrations, it was found that the growth of Fusarium solaniNVS671 was less at pH 4 and pH 10 and could reach up to 5 cm after 7 days of incubation on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA). It is observed that the pH around 7 to 8 was optimum for the growth of F. solani. Ten different nitrogenous (N) sources and nine different carbon sources were tested on CDA medium to know their effect on the mycelial growth rate and characteristics of the fungus. Among the N sources evaluated, ammonium chloride (7.96±0.11 cm) was found to be most efficient for mycelial growth promotion followed by ammonium nitrate (7.7±0.1 cm) and ammonium sulphate (7.3±0.1 cm). The most preferred carbon source recorded to promote best radial mycelial growth was starch (7.96±0.05 cm) and sucrose (7.93±0.05 cm). Capabilities of using different carbon and nitrogen sources and ability to grow at different pH levels may allow species to adapt to specific soil conditions.This study is important to understand the physiology and metabolite preference of F. solani.
Oct 2019 DOI 10.14302/issn.2474-9273.jbtm-19-3027
Introduction Sound vibrations have a profound impact on the body and the mind with evidence confirming reduced anxiety and increased wellbeing. The likely reason for driving the benefit is relaxation. The Himalayan Singing Bowls, used for therapeutic intervention to enhance the individual’s emotional & physical wellbeing, may facilitate faster and deeper relaxation as compared to simple, supine relaxation. Aim of the Study The study aimed to validate the hypothesis that short 20 minutes sessions to relax with the help of the Himalayan Singing Bowl (HSB) could provide better depth of relaxation as compared to Supine Silence (SS) based on the objective assessment of physiology parameters i.e. Stress Index & Heart Rate Variability (HRV). Methods Seven metal Himalayan singing bowls were used in a particular sequence learned from an expert teacher for 16 subjects. The SS group consisted of 17 subjects. The HRV data was measured by the Emwave Pro device and analyzed using Kubios HRV Premium software. The analysis compared key HRV parameters within and between the groups. Result Overall, as expected, both groups achieved relaxation as measured by changes in HRV parameters. However, further analysis confirmed a more consistent relaxation, as measured by a statistically significant reduction in stress index and an increase in HRV, for HSB group. The HSB group achieved more consistent depth of relaxation during each subsequent 5 minutes interval throughout the session as compared to SS group. Conclusion The study confirms that singing bowls sessions can be leveraged as a tool for inducing good quality relaxation response (increased parasympathetic tone, reduced stress) to facilitate healing and energy recovery in just 20 minutes and achieve significant health benefits. More comprehensive studies must be conducted to further evaluate the findings with more sample size, different methods of relaxation and varied demographics.
Mar 2019 DOI 10.14302/issn.2474-3585.jpmc-19-2655
Reverse Shapiro’s syndrome is described as unexplained hyperthermia coexisting with agenesis of the corpus callosum. Its pathophysiology dwells on the role of dopaminergic hypersensitivity caused by hypothalamic dysfunction. Until now, only 5 cases have been described in the literature as reverse Shapiro’s syndrome. We present a case of a 6-month-old girl who is now the sixth patient described in the literature. A 6-month-old female patient was admitted to the pediatrics unit for fever of unknown origin. Her fever occurred 2-3 times a day on average between 38°C and 39.5°C, and lasted for 1-2 hours. The fever was not diurnal, and antipyretics or staying in an air-conditioned room had no effect. She also had 2 convulsions during her hospital stay. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was requested owing to the patient’s convulsion history and retarded development. The cranial MRI showed diffuse hypoplasia of the corpus callosum in the midline sagittal T2-weighted image. T1-weighted imaging showed hypointensity due to delayed myelination of the genu of the corpus callosum (Figure 2, white arrow), which should normally appear hyperintense like the posterior limb of the internal capsule. Although dopamine agonists and serotonin agonists are recommended for the treatment, the rate of response to medical treatment is very low. Our patient did not benefit from cyproheptadine and methyl prednisolone.
Mar 2019 DOI 10.14302/issn.2641-5518.jcci-19-2664
Lenalidomide is a second generation immunomodulatory agent and a potent analogue of thalidomide that is FDA approved mainly for the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM) and transfusion-dependent anemia due to low or intermediate-1- risk myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) associated with 5q deletion among other indications. Through its action on the immune system, lenalidomide alters the production of different cytokines ultimately resulting in immune activation against tumors. This immune activation may lead to collateral immune toxicities like fever, angioedema, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, tumor flare and others. Here we report a case of lenalidomide-induced high grade fever in a patient with MM and we summarize the literature about the physiology of such reaction and how to mitigate this adverse event.
Mar 2019 DOI 10.14302/issn.2642-9241.jrd-19-2667
A perspective argues that biological rules and host–pathogen dynamics deserve greater attention in pneumonia care. It integrates pathophysiology with clinical decision‑making.
Dec 2018 DOI 10.14302/issn.2379-7835.ijn-18-2501
In the last few years, gut microbiota has been identified to be an essential mediator in health and disease. In fact, it interacts with various organs and systems in the body, including brain, lung, liver, bone, cardiovascular system, and others. Microbiota-derived metabolites such as the short chain fatty acid (SCFA) butyrate are primary signals, which link the gut microbiota and physiology. Then, the findings on the roles of microbiota profoundly change not only the key concepts of biology and medicine, but also of nutrition. In fact, it is currently evident how the main task of nutrition is not to nourish us, but to maintain a comfortable environment for the intestinal microbiota. In this way, it works in symbiosis with us, correctly controlling the functioning of the organs, the physiological parameters and the cellular regenerative processes. It is also evident that the strength of reparative processes correlates with the ability of digestive system to process complex foods, which increases during weaning, a period of time in which the diversity of bacterial strains increases. Therefore, a task of food is to keep trained the digestive system, to which it corresponds an high microbiota diversity. Elderly leads to reduced microbiota diversity to which corresponds an intestinal frailty, responsible for the frailty of the elderly. In conclusion, a correct diet may not only keep us in good health but may also guarantee us longer longevity.
Dec 2018 DOI 10.14302/issn.2578-8590.ipj-18-2548
Obesity generally accounts for a pathophysiology condition at which excessive body fats get accumulated in body parts. Among different - causes, ambient temperature such as cold environment can dramatically develop obesity in different individual. Cold weather influences the hormones that are related to the hunger and increases appetite toward overeating and subsequently inactivity . Controlling the calorie intakes through informative care are good strategies to prevent or govern obesity at any situation such as cold temperature
Aug 2018 DOI 10.14302/issn.2577-2279.ijha-18-2221
Background: Faculty of Medicine and Health sciences at University of Kassala, Sudan was established 1990. It adopts the traditional curricula, which implemented in preclinical (basic sciences) and clinical phases. This study was held to explore students' perception and attitudes towards the basic sciences. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted during April- August 2017 among 251 medical students. Self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data. It was collected and analyzed using SPSS 16.0. Results: A total of 251 of participants in different phases of education in faculty of medicine and health sciences were included in the study; preclinical 116 (46.2%), 113 clinical (45.0%), and 22 (8.8%) were in internship. 95 (37.8 %) were males and 156 (62.2%) were females. The study revealed that physiology was the most preferable subject. Students' satisfaction to syllabus for anatomy, physiology and biochemistry was 61.4%, 43%, and 28.7% respectively. However, 46.6% of students spent a long time to understand biochemistry and 33.1% considered it as overloaded syllabus. Participants showed poor ability to link between theoretical and practical work in case of biochemistry (26.7%), where as anatomy and physiology were represented by 76.9% and 42.2% respectively. Less than half of students were able to integrate the subjects of basic sciences and basic with clinical sciences. Conclusion: In this study, the students determined the difficulties of recalling of information, poor integration between basic and clinical sciences and even integration within the subject. Development of integrated curriculum is necessary to improve the quality of education.
Apr 2018
A clinical perspective on renal function in acute myocardial infarction reviews pathophysiology, prognostic markers, and management implications, including contrast nephropathy prevention and hemodynamic support.
Mar 2018 DOI 10.14302/issn.2998-4122.jlr-18-1990
Rationally, to clarify the genesis and the resonant power of the (poetic) language implies two pluridisciplinary perspectives, namely: a) the contributions of semiotics, phonology and linguistic, neuro-physiology and biophotonics, in order to justify the mimetic dimension of the words by its sonorous signifier; b) the contributions of psycho-logics and psycho-analysis connected to literary hermeneutics, able to explain how the mental images and thoughts are becoming emotional states by the "lighted" signified of the words. The both perspectives are (auto)referentially connected – for a more explicit illustration – to the poetic / metaphoric language used by the authors. In this integrative way, the paper is complex, acknowledging the assumption of sufi thinkers that our words are "sounds full of light".
Jan 2018 DOI 10.14302/issn.2832-4048.jsm-18-1941
A review of transcriptomic tools for skeletal muscle research, covering experimental design, data analysis, and applications in physiology and disease.
Jun 2017 DOI 10.14302/issn.2329-9487.jhc-17-1536
Over the last few decades, many research works highlighted the role of miRNAs on cardiac diseases. Ischaemic heart disease (IHD) or coronary heart disease is a condition that is mainly caused by atherosclerosis. It has been established that microribonucleic acids regulate many factors that are involved in the development and pathophysiology of IHD. As a result, there are great potential opportunities for miRNAs to be used as a biomarker for disease differentiation, as well as novel drug targets or therapeutics for the treatment and also as a diagnostic approach. As it is now evident that miRNAs play critical roles in the disease mechanisms, this review article tried to focus on the pathway, in which; the miRNAs stimulate the IHD to develop. By understanding the mechanisms, it will be possible to present a complete strategy of IHD treatment and also solving all the impediments that are highlighted in this article. Still, there are a number of limitations and obstacles on the way of developing a proper therapeutic approach that can be approved and well accepted. This review is mainly dependent on the potential of miRNAs as a promising arena on the field of cardiac treatment and the possible obstacles that are needed to be explored and overcome.
Jun 2017 DOI 10.14302/issn.2474-7785.jarh-17-1578
Frailty describes a medical syndrome that confers increased vulnerability to disproportionate changes in health status following minor stressors. With loss of homeostatic reserve in multiple physiological systems, frailty conveys an increased risk of adverse health outcomes. Despite the lack of a clear universal definition, the utilisation of two landmark operational models has allowed a rapid expansion in frailty-centred research. The pathophysiology of frailty is yet to be elucidated in the literature, but a critical role for a heightened inflammatory state is hypothesised. Raised levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines are associated with frailty, with emerging evidence relating their biochemical action with development of the frailty phenotype. Dysregulation of both the innate and adaptive immune system are key components of the frailty syndrome. Remodelling of the T cell compartment and upregulated inflammatory pathways are theorised to propagate the heightened inflammatory state critical in the frailty syndrome. Increased neutrophil counts, in conjunction with ineffective neutrophil migration associated with age, is theorised to produce tissue damage and secondary inflammation conducive of the inflammatory picture in frailty. Beyond the gold standard of the comprehensive geriatric assessment, management of frailty is a fast-evolving area of research. Exercise interventions have shown promising results, improving functional ability and showing beneficial immunomodulation. Vitamin D supplementation, with proposed anti-inflammatory effects, nutritional support and pharmacological treatments all provide promising areas for future therapeutic intervention.
May 2017 DOI 10.14302/issn.2470-0436.jos-17-1453
Purpose: High intraocular pressure (IOP) is known to result in retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss, both with chronically raised intraocular pressure (such as with glaucoma) and with acute raises in pressure (due to injury or acute angle closure). Because IOP is often raised during ocular surgery, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of transient moderate IOP on retinal function, RGC survival and the expression of Connexin 43 (Cx43) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), ubiquitously expressed central nervous system (CNS) proteins that are known to be elevated during the retinal inflammatory response to injury. Materials and Methods: Wistar rats were exposed to transient IOP at 40 mmHg for 5 or 30 minutes, and 60 mmHg for 5 minutes (via cannulation of the anterior chamber with a saline reservoir raised to a height corresponding to the desired IOP), mimicking potential IOP rises during surgery such as DSAEK and some laser procedures (LASIK and femtosecond laser cataract surgery). Separate groups of animals had IOP maintained at 10 mmHg for 5 or 30 minutes as cannulation controls, or 120 mmHg for 60 minutes as positive controls. Changes in the optic nerve and retina were assessed immunohistochemically for GFAP and Cx43 expression. Retinal function was assessed using electroretinography (ERG) recorded at baseline and 14 days after the IOP rise and compared with RGC counts. Results: Results showed that there was a differential GFAP labelling pattern observed in the anterior optic nerve in the 40 mmHg 30 minute and 60 mmHg 5 minute groups 4 hours after manipulation. Gap junction protein Cx43 was minimally up-regulated in the retina in the short-term. There was, however, minimal long-term effect on retinal function and no RGC loss. Conclusions: n conclusion, elevations of IOP that are short in duration such as those occurring during surgical procedures, do not cause significant changes long-term in retinal function or RGC survival. Key Messages: Cx43 and GFAP are known to be elevated during the retinal inflammatory response to injury. No previous study has explored the effect of moderate and relatively short increases in IOP on the initial inflammatory response. We observed a mild glial inflammatory response in the anterior optic nerve, but only a minimal up-regulation of Cx43. However, transient and moderate IOP rises did not induce long term disruption to RGC function or number as measured by electrophysiology and RGC counts, respectively. This is applicable to clinical practice, as it means the IOP elevations that occur during some surgical procedures are unlikely to be causing long term damage in retinal function or RGC survival.
May 2017 DOI 10.14302/issn.2694-1201.jsn-17-1470
Brain tumors occur when abnormal cells form within the brain.There are two main types of tumors: malignant and benign tumors. Then, tumors can be divided into primary that start within the brain, and secondary tumors that have spread from somewhere else, known as brain metastasis tumors. Secondary brain tumors occur in approximately 15 % of cancer patients with about half of metastases coming from lung cancer. Primary brain tumors occur in around 250,000 people a year globally, making up less than 2% of whole body tumors. According to American Brain Tumor Association the most common types of primary tumors are gliomas, representing 74,6 % of all malignant tumors and meningiomas ( 36,6% ) while more affected region is frontal lobe, about 22 % . Particularly, prefrontal cortex ( PFC ), the anterior part of the frontal lobe that is highly developed in humans plays a role in the regulation of personality, emotional, and behavioral functioning, leading to serious cognitive impairments 1. These are the psychological signs of frontal lobe tumors, in addition to other functions such as the expressive language of Broca's area or those relating to voluntary movement, linked to frontal cortical motor areas. It relates to the so-called higher nervous functions, concerning the life of relationship and communication. The PFC physiology explains the psychological mechanisms of its associated functions: connections with the limbic cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia and other subcortical areas.The regions of the PFC at the base of the psychophysiological mechanisms involved are basically the dorso-lateral, the ventro-medial, the orbito-frontal establishing contacts primarily with limbic structures, such as the cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, amygdala.
Jan 2017 DOI 10.14302/issn.2379-8572.joa-16-1399
Aim: The relation between inflammation and cancer has been known since the 19th century. However, investigations on the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of this relation have begun recently. It was demonstrated that increased neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio is a poor prognostic factor in some malignancies. The present study aimed to determine whether preoperative neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio has a prognostic value in larynx cancer. Method: Preoperative blood analyses of 139 patients, who underwent subtotal or total laryngectomy for larynx cancer between 2003 and 2013 at Marmara University School of Medicine, Department of ENT, were retrospectively evaluated. Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) was calculated dividing absolute neutrophil count by absolute lymphocyte count. Optimal cut-off value for NLR was determined by receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis. Statistical analyses were done using IBM SPSS statistic 22.0 (IBM SPSS, Turkey) and Med Calc 12.3.0 package programs. Results: The sensitivity of NLR in predicting advanced-stage (Stage 3 and 4) squamous-cell carcinoma of the larynx (LSSC), T4 LSSC and lymph node metastasis at different cut-off values were 66.2%, 83.9% and 73.8%, respectively and the specificity was 76.7%, 66.2% and 65.2%, respectively. Staging according to T classification revealed that NLR significantly increases with tumor stage (p<0.001). Statistically significant relation was determined between lymph node metastasis of tumor and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (p=0.003). Comparing overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) between the cases with NLR <3.02 and the cases with NLR >3.02, it was demonstrated that OS and DFS are significantly lower in the cases with NLR<3.02 (p: 0.001 vs. p<0.05 for OS and p: 0.013 vs. p<0.05 for DFS) Conclusion: NLR increases with the stage of disease in LSSC. NLR is a simple, cheap, repeatable and valuable parameter that can be obtained from routine analyses, gives information about poor prognosis and survival, and is able to predict T4 LSSC, advanced-stage LSSC (stage 3-4) and lymph node metastasis.
Oct 2015 DOI 10.14302/issn.2329-9487.jhc-15-677
The aim of this review is to compile our understanding of microRNA (miRNA) and its significance in Hypertension (HTN) pathophysiology. The wide spectrum of health disparity is one of the reasons for the dominance of HTN in humans for decades. We are striving hard to understand these variations, and we know to some extent that genetic susceptibilities do exist in HTN. Understanding miRNA will add to the current understanding of the disease process. In later parts, we discussed possible clinical implications of miRNAs in HTN as a biomarker of disease expression and its potential in prognostic and therapeutic applications in HTN.
Oct 2014 DOI 10.14302/issn.2329-9487.jhc-14-edt3
An overview of blood pressure regulation in hypoxia addresses altitude physiology, sleep disordered breathing, and cardiopulmonary disease. It reviews pathophysiology and therapeutic implications.
May 2014 DOI 10.14302/issn.2572-3030.jcgb-13-369
Insulin receptor substrate (IRS) 1 and 2 are downstream signaling proteins that influence breast pathophysiology. IRS-1 promotes carcinoma cell proliferation; whereas IRS-2 regulates cell motility, invasion, and glycolysis. Our lab has shown that distinct cellular localization of IRS-2 also plays a role in carcinoma cell function. Oncotype DX (Genomic Health) (ODX) is a 21-gene expression profile used to classify carcinomas with low, intermediate, and high risk recurrence scores (RS). Our aim is to correlate expression and cellular localization of IRS proteins in breast carcinomas with their ODX RS. 97 breast carcinomas sent for ODX testing from 2006-2009 were collected and grouped according to their RS (low, intermediate or high). Immunohistochemistry for IRS-1/-2 was performed. Specific criteria were used to evaluate IRS staining patterns. Follow-up data, ranging from 3-6 years, was available. Statistical analysis was performed to correlate staining patterns of IRS-1/-2 with the three RS groups. IRS-1 staining, predominantly nuclear, did not significantly correlate with RS (P=.5645). IRS-2 expression patterns did show statistical significance amongst the three RS groups (P=.0371). Tumors with intermediate and low RS were more likely to exhibit punctate and diffuse cytoplasmic expression of IRS-2, and cell membrane expression was uncommon in this group. Expression and cellular localization of IRS proteins play an important role in breast cancer cell biology, and expression patterns for IRS-2 do demonstrate a significant correlation with ODX RS. Further studies are required to elucidate the significance of cellular localization of IRS-1/-2 proteins in breast carcinoma cells and their relationship to ODX scores.
Dec 2012 DOI 10.14302/issn.2326-0793.jpgr-12-112
The connecting C-filaments of insect indirect flight muscles have been proposed as one of the elements providing muscle elasticity for the asynchronous muscle physiology of derived insects. Two large modular proteins, kettin/Sallimus and projectin make up these filaments, and for both proteins the N-terminal sequences span the extensible I-band and are proposed as the elastic segments. The C-filaments have not been studied in insects, such as dragonflies, crickets, and Lepidoptera with muscles which are largely synchronous in physiology and display different levels of muscle stiffness. In this paper we focus our efforts on the projectin protein of several insects with synchronous flight muscles; namely dragonfly, cricket, and moth. We provide evidence for the localization of projectin over the sarcomere I-Z-I region that is consistent with the existence of C-filaments in synchronous flight muscles. Additionally, we determine the sequences for the NH2-terminal region of projectin in these insects and describe the presence of alternative splice variants. Using predictors of intrinsically disordered regions, we identify possible unfolded segments, especially around the short linker sequences found between the NH2 Ig domains. We propose a possible picture of projectin NH2-terminal region organized as different segments contributing elastic responses to stretch by either unfolding of highly disordered sequences (PEVK) or reorientation of domains by bending or twisting of disordered linkers between the Ig domains.
DOI 10.14302/issn.2639-3166.jar-22-4077
Selecting elite silage specific variety was important for modern animal husbandry development and agricultural production. In this paper, six forage quality related physiology traits were evaluated by using chemical detection method, the difference between maize silage and hybrid giant napier (pennisetumhydridum) were analyzed. Results showed that, maize showed better performance than that of hybrid giant napier, with average protein content of 8.54% VS 7.48%, starch content of 11.18% VS 7.90%, soluble sugar content of 4.09% VS 2.90%, and IVOMD of 35.23% VS 34.94%, respectively. No significant differences were found for NDF content and ADF content between maize and hybrid giant napier. In addition, QQ446 showed better performance than that of JY818, with higher IVOMD of 35.50% VS 34.95%, higher protein content of 8.60% VS 8.48%, higher starch content of 11.82% VS 10.53%, and lower ADF content of 32.86% VS 37.43%. These results proved that, QQ446 was the elite silage specific variety, it contained much more forage advantages, and could be widely used in future animal husbandry development and agricultural production.