Laparoscopic surgery is the operative application of minimally invasive technique within the abdomen and pelvis, in which procedures are performed through several small incisions rather than a single large one. A laparoscope transmits a magnified view of the operative field to a video monitor while specialised instr…
Laparoscopic surgery is the operative application of minimally invasive technique within the abdomen and pelvis, in which procedures are performed through several small incisions rather than a single large one. A laparoscope transmits a magnified view of the operative field to a video monitor while specialised instruments are manipulated through trocar ports, with carbon dioxide insufflation maintaining a working pneumoperitoneum. The approach spans general, gastrointestinal, hepatobiliary, gynaecological, and urological practice, encompassing operations such as cholecystectomy, colorectal cancer resection, and repair of bladder and intestinal pathology, and it extends to emergency and reconstructive contexts. Relative to conventional open surgery, laparoscopic techniques generally reduce tissue trauma, postoperative pain, wound complications, and length of stay, while preserving operative efficacy; cholecystectomy, for example, permits direct inspection of gallbladder mucosal changes in relation to stone disease. The method requires dedicated training in instrument handling and depth perception and carries considerations specific to port entry, insufflation pressure, and patient physiology. Variants include hand-assisted, single-incision, and robot-assisted laparoscopy, alongside ongoing innovation in instrumentation and imaging. Laparoscopic surgery is likewise central to veterinary practice, where it is compared with open approaches under controlled anaesthesia. As a cornerstone of modern operative care, it continues to broaden in scope and technical capability.
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