Journal of New Developments in Chemistry

Journal of new Developments in Chemistry

Journal of New Developments in Chemistry

Current Issue Volume No: 2 Issue No: 1

Research Article Open Access Available online freely Peer Reviewed Citation

Evaluation of the Effect of Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment on the Physicochemical and Thermal Properties of Selenium

Gopal Nayak 1,   Mahendra Kumar Trivedi 1,   Alice Branton 1,   Dahryn Trivedi 1,   Snehasis Jana 2  

1Trivedi Global, Inc., Henderson, USA.

2 Trivedi Science Research Laboratory Pvt. Ltd.,Bhopal, India.

Abstract

Selenium is an essential micronutrient required for healthy metabolism, as well as prevention, and treatment of selenium deficiency diseases. The experiment aimed to evaluate the influence of the Trivedi Effect®-Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment on the physicochemical and thermal properties of selenium using modern analytical techniques. The selenium sample was divided into two parts, one part of the test sample was called the control sample, while the second part of the test sample received the Biofield Treatment remotely by a renowned Biofield Energy Healer, Gopal Nayak, and was called the treated sample. The particle size values were significantly decreased by 37.69% (d10), 14.36% (d50), 4.31% (d90), and 11.58% D(43), hence, the specific surface area was significantly increased by 33.64% in the treated sample compared to the control sample. The PXRD peak intensities and crystallite sizes were significantly altered ranging from 5.23% to 100% and 75% to 111.7%, respectively; whereas 7.81% significantly decreased the average crystallite size in the treated sample than the control sample. The latent heat of fusion of the treated sample was significantly increased by 12.37% compared with the control sample.The results suggested that the Trivedi Effect® might generate a new polymorphic form of selenium which would offer better solubility, bioavailability and be thermally more stable compared with the control sample. The Biofield Treated selenium would be more useful to design novel nutraceutical/pharmaceutical formulations and might offer an enhanced therapeutic response against cardiovascular disease, cancer, neuromuscular disorders, diabetes, stress, aging, male infertility, viral diseases, degenerative ailments, etc.

Author Contributions
Received 22 Aug 2018; Accepted 20 Sep 2018; Published 24 Sep 2018;

Academic Editor: Weihe Zhang, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA.

Checked for plagiarism: Yes

Review by: Single-blind

Copyright ©  2018 Gopal Nayak, et al.

License
Creative Commons License     This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Competing interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Citation:

Gopal Nayak, Mahendra Kumar Trivedi, Alice Branton, Dahryn Trivedi, Snehasis Jana (2018) Evaluation of the Effect of Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment on the Physicochemical and Thermal Properties of Selenium . Journal of new Developments in Chemistry - 2(1):14-23. https://doi.org/10.14302/issn.2377-2549.jndc-18-2315

Download as RIS, BibTeX, Text (Include abstract )

DOI 10.14302/issn.2377-2549.jndc-18-2315

Introduction

Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element nutrient for humans and animals. It regulates a healthy metabolism and inhibits the toxic effects of heavy metals in the body 1. The rich natural sources for Se are meat, fish, mushrooms, cereals, nuts, etc. This can be obtained from mineral supplements 1, 2. It is one of the key components of unusual amino acids selenocysteine and selenomethionine; selenium enzymes, and about 30 selenoproteins 3. It is a potent antioxidant, which protects against oxidative damage, infections, nervous system; plays critical roles in reproduction, DNA synthesis, and thyroid hormone metabolism 1, 4, 5. A poor selenium containing diet and/or genetic problems may lead to selenium deficiency in the body 6. Se deficiency in the body is responsible for the critical pathophysiology of many diseases, i.e., cancer, diabetes, male infertility, muscle disorders, neurological disorders, cardiovascular disease, degenerative ailments, viral diseases, etc. 7, 8, 9. Therefore, Se is recommended as a daily supplement in a number of countries. But, excess intake of Se may cause adverse health effects 9, 10. It is absorbed by the body in the form selenite which is more than 80 percent.

The physicochemical properties of any pharmaceutical/nutraceutical compound play a crucial role in its stability, solubility, bioavailability, and therapeutic efficacy in the body 11. The biggest challenge for pharmaceutical scientists is improving the quality of pharmaceutical/nutraceutical compounds for better therapeutic efficacy. Scientifically, the Trivedi Effect®-Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment(Biofield Energy Healing Treatment) has been proven to have a significant impact on the particle size, surface area, thermal properties, and bioavailability of pharmaceutical and nutraceutical compounds 12, 13, 14. The Trivedi Effect® is a natural and the only scientifically proven phenomenon in which an expert can harness this inherently intelligent energy from the Universe and transmit it anywhere on the planet through the possible mediation of neutrinos 15. “Biofield” is a unique, infinite, para-dimensional electromagnetic field exists surrounding the body, originating from the continuous movements of the charged particles, ions, cells, blood/lymph flow, brain functions, heart function, etc. This Biofield Energy Therapy (energy medicine) has been reported to have substantial outcomes against various disease conditions and to maintain the overall quality of life 15, 16. The National Institutes of Health/National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NIH/NCCAM) recommend and included the Energy therapy under the Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) category along with other therapies, medicines and practices such as Ayurvedic medicine, naturopathy, homeopathy, Qi Gong, Tai Chi, yoga, chiropractic/osteopathic manipulation, meditation, massage, acupuncture, acupressure, hypnotherapy, Reiki, Rolfing structural integration, mindfulness, aromatherapy, cranial sacral therapy, applied prayer, etc. The CAM has been accepted by the most of the U.S. population with several advantages 17, 18. Similarly, the Trivedi Effect®Treatment also has a significant impact on the characteristic properties of the metals, ceramics, and polymers, organic compounds, crops, livestock, microorganisms, and cancer cells 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29. These outstanding experimental results motivated the authors to determine the impact of the Trivedi Effect®-Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment on the physicochemical and thermal properties of selenium using particle size analysis (PSA), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).

Materials and Methods

Chemicals and Reagents

The selenium (Se) powder sample was procured from Sigma Aldrich, USA and the other chemicals required during the experiments were of the analytical standard available in India.

Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment Strategies

The test sample Se powder used in the experiment was divided into two parts. One part of the Se powder sample was received the Trivedi Effect®-Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment remotely under standard laboratory conditions for 3 minutes by the renowned Biofield Energy Healer, Gopal Nayak, India, known as the treated sample. The second part of the sample did not receive the Biofield Energy Treatment and was called the control sample. Further, the control sample was treated with “sham” healer for the comparison purposes. The “sham” healer did not have any knowledge about the Biofield Energy Treatment. The Biofield Energy Treated sample and untreated Se powder sample were both kept in sealed conditions and characterized using PSA, PXRD, and DSC analytical techniques.

Characterization

Particle Size Analysis (PSA)

The particle size analysis of Se powder was performed with the help of Malvern Mastersizer 2000, of the UK, with a detection range between 0.01 µm to 3000 µm using the wet method 30, 31. The sample unit (Hydro MV) was filled with a sunflower oil dispersant medium and the stirrer operated at 2500 rpm. Particle size distribution analysis of Se powder was performed to obtain the average particle size. Where, d(0.1) μm, d(0.5) μm, d(0.9) μm represent particle diameter corresponding to 10%, 50%, and 90% of the cumulative distribution. D(4,3) represents the average mass-volume diameter, and SSA is the specific surface area (m2/g). The calculations were done by using software Mastersizer Ver. 5.54.

The percent change in particle size (d) for Se powder at below 10% level (d10), 50% level (d50), 90% level (d90), and D(4,3) was calculated using the following equation 1:



(1) Where dControland dTreatedare the particle sizes (μm) at below 10% level (d10), 50% level (d50), and 90% level (d90) of the control and the Biofield Energy Treated samples, respectively.

The percent change in surface area (S) was calculated using the following equation 2:



(2)

Where SControl and STreated are the surface area of the control and the Biofield Energy Treated Se, respectively.

Powder X-ray Diffraction (PXRD) Analysis

The PXRD analysis of Se powder sample was executed with the help of Rigaku MiniFlex-II Desktop X-ray diffractometer (Japan) 32, 33. The Cu Kα radiation source tube output voltage and output current were 30 kV and 15 mA, respectively. Scans were performed at room temperature. The size of individual crystallites was calculated from PXRD data using the Scherrer’s formula (3)

G = kλ/βcosθ(3)

Where k is the equipment constant (0.94), G is the crystallite size in nm, λ is the radiation wavelength (0.154056 nm for Kα1 emission), β is the full-width at half maximum (FWHM), and θ is the Bragg angle 34.

The percent change in crystallite size (G) of Se was calculated using the following equation 4:

 

(4)Where GControl and GTreated are the crystallite size of the control and the Biofield Energy Treated samples, respectively.

Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)

The DSC analysis of Se powder sample was performed with the help of DSC Q200, TA instruments. Sample of ~1-2 mg was loaded to the aluminium sample pan at a heating rate of 10ºC/min from 30°C to 350°C 30, 31. The % change in melting point (T) was calculated using the following equation 5:



(5)

Where TControl and TTreated are the melting point of the control and the Biofield Energy Treated samples, respectively.

The percent change in the latent heat of fusion (ΔH) was calculated using following equation 6:



(6)

Where ΔHControland ΔHTreatedare the latent heat of fusion of the control and the Biofield Energy Treated Se, respectively.

Results and Discussion

Particle Size Analysis (PSA)

The particle size distribution analysis data of both the control and the Biofield Energy Treated Se powder samples are presented in Table 1. The particle size values of the control Se powder at d10, d50, d90, and D(4,3) were 9.859 µm, 26.595 µm, 53.601 µm, and 29.513 µm, respectively. Similarly, the particle sizes of the Biofield Energy Treated sample at d10, d50, d90, and D(4,3) were 6.143 µm, 22.775 µm, 51.29 µm, and 26.095 µm, respectively. The particle size values of the Biofield Energy Treated Se sample were significantly decreased by 37.69%, 14.36%, 4.31%, and 11.58% at d10, d50, d90, and D(4,3), respectively compared to the control sample. Therefore, the specific surface area of the Biofield Energy Treated sample (0.433 m2/g) was significantly increased by 33.64% compared with the control sample (0.324 m2/g). The results suggested that the Trivedi Effect®-Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment might act as an external force for breaking larger particles to smaller one hence increasing the surface area of Se particles significantly. Pharmaceutical compounds with smaller particle size increase the surface area and improve the dissolution rate, and bioavailability in the body 11, 35. Therefore, the Biofield Energy Treated Se powder would offer better solubility, bioavailability, and therapeutic efficacy compared to the untreated sample.

Table 1. Particle size distribution of the control and Biofield Energy Treated selenium.
Parameter d 10 (µm) d 50 (µm) d 90 (µm) D( 4,3) (µm) SSA (m 2 /g)
Control 9.859 26.595 53.601 29.513 0.324
Biofield Treated 6.143 22.775 51.29 26.095 0.433
Percent change* (%) -37.69 -14.36 -4.31 -11.58 33.64

• d10, d50, and d90: particle diameter corresponding to 10%, 50%, and 90% of the cumulative distribution, D(4,3): the average mass-volume diameter, and SSA: the specific surface area. *denotes the percentage change in the Particle size distribution of the Biofield Energy Treated sample with respect to the control sample.

Powder X-ray Diffraction (PXRD) Analysis

The diffractogram of the control Se powder sample showed sharp and intense peaks at Bragg’s angle (2q) near to 23.32°, 29.64°, 41.06°, 43.53°, 45.17°, 51.69°, and 61.12° (Figure 1). Similarly, the diffractogram of the Biofield Energy Treated sample showed sharp and intense peaks at Bragg’s angle (2q) near to 23.65°, 29.92°, 41.51°, 43.91°, 45.54°, 51.87°, and 61.57° (Figure 1). The sharp and intense peaks of both the diffractograms specified that the samples were crystalline. The highest peak intensity of the control and Biofield Energy Treated sample were observed at 2θ equal to 29.64° and 29.92°, respectively (Table 2, entry 2). The peak intensities of the Biofield Energy Treated sample were significantly decreased in the range from 5.23% to 100% compared to the control sample. However, the crystallite sizes of the Biofield Energy Treated Se sample were significantly increased in the range from 75% to 111.7% compared to the control sample. Overall, the average crystallite size of the Biofield Energy Treated Se powder (96.94 nm) was significantly decreased by 7.81% compared to the control sample (105.16 nm).

Figure 1.PXRD diffractograms of the control and Biofield Energy Treated selenium powder.
PXRD diffractograms of the control and Biofield Energy Treated selenium powder.

Table 2. PXRD data for the control and Biofield Energy Treated selenium powder.
Entry No. Bragg angle (°2 q ) Peak Intensity (%) Crystallite size (G, nm)
Control Treated Control Treated % change a Control Treated % change b
1 23.32 23.65 514.00 401.00 -21.98 122.90 111.70 -9.11
2 29.64 29.92 1257.00 1056.00 -15.99 154.20 136.90 -11.22
3 41.06 41.51 153.00 145.00 -5.23 81.00 75.00 -7.41
4 43.53 43.91 347.00 313.00 -9.80 107.00 97.00 -9.35
5 45.17 45.54 243.00 214.00 -11.93 81.00 79.00 -2.47
6 51.69 51.87 206.00 140.00 -32.04 87.00 94.00 8.05
7 61.12 61.57 115.00 123.00 -100.00 103.00 85.00 -5.88
8 Average crystallite size 105.16 96.94 -7.81

a denotes the percentage change in the peak intensity of Biofield Energy Treated sample with respect to the control sample;
b denotes the percentage change in the crystallite size of Biofield Energy Treated sample with respect to the control sample.

As per the literature, the peak intensity of each diffraction face on the crystalline compound changes according to the crystal morphology and alterations in the XRD pattern provide the proof of polymorphic transitions 36, 37, 38. The Trivedi Effect®-Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment probably produced the new polymorphic form of Se through the mediation of neutrinos 15. Different polymorphic forms of pharmaceuticals have significant effects on drug performance, such as bioavailability, therapeutic efficacy, and toxicity, because of their physicochemical properties are different from the original form 39, 40. Therefore, the Trivedi Effect®-Consciousness Energy Healing Treated Se would be better in designing novel pharmaceutical and nutraceutical formulations.

Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) Analysis

The thermal analysis has been performed to characterize the thermal behavior of the Biofield Energy Treated Se compared to the control sample (Table 3). The thermograms of both the control and Biofield Energy Treated sample showed sharp endothermic peaks at 222.1°C and 221.5°C, respectively (Figure 2). The melting point of the Biofield Energy Treated sample was slightly decreased by 0.27% compared with the control sample (Table 3).

Figure 2.DSC thermograms of the control and Biofield Energy Treated selenium sample.
DSC thermograms of the control and Biofield Energy Treated selenium sample.

Table 3. DSC data for both control and Biofield Energy Treated samples of selenium sample.
Sample Melting point (°C) ∆H(J/g)
Control Sample 222.1 69.62
Biofield Energy Treated 221.5 78.23
% Change* -0.27 12.37

The latent heat of fusion (∆Hfusion) of the Biofield Energy Treated sample (78.23 J/g) was significantly increased by 12.37% compared with the control sample (69.62 J/g) (Table 3). The significant change in the ∆Hfusion can be attributed to the change in the molecular chains and the crystal structure of that compound 41. Thus, it can be assumed that the Biofield Energy Treatment might be responsible for the improved thermal stability of the treated Se sample compared to the control sample.

Conclusion

The Trivedi Effect®-Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment (Biofield Energy Treatment) showed significant effects on the crystallite size, particle size, surface area, and thermal properties of the selenium powder. The particle size values of the Biofield Energy Treated sample powder were significantly decreased by 37.69%, 14.36%, 4.31%, and 11.58% at d10, d50, d90, and D(4,3), respectively. Therefore, the specific surface area of the Biofield Energy Treatment sample was significantly increased by 33.64% compared to the control sample. The PXRD peak intensities of the Biofield Energy Treatment sample were significantly decreased in the range from 5.23% to 100% compared with the control sample. However, the crystallite sizes of the Biofield Energy Treatment sample were significantly increased in the range from 75% to 111.7% compared to the control sample. But, the average crystallite size of the Biofield Energy Treatment sample was significantly decreased by 7.81% compared to the control sample. The melting point of the Biofield Energy Treatment sample was slightly altered, but the ∆Hfusion significantly increased by 12.37% compared with the control sample.The results suggested that the Trivedi Effect®-Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment might generate a new polymorphic form of selenium which would offer better solubility, bioavailability and be thermally more stable compared with the control sample. The Biofield Energy Treated selenium would be more useful to design novel nutraceutical/ pharmaceutical formulations and which might offer enhanced therapeutic responses against cardiovascular disease, cancer, muscle disorders, neurological disorders, type-2 diabetes, viral diseases, stress, aging, male infertility, degenerative ailments, etc.

Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to Central Leather Research Institute, SIPRA Lab. Ltd., Trivedi Science, Trivedi Global, Inc., Trivedi Testimonials, and Trivedi Master Wellness for their assistance and support during this work.

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