Sexual transmission of infections is the process by which pathogenic microorganisms pass between individuals through sexual activity, including vaginal, anal, and oral contact, via exposure to infected genital secretions, blood, mucosal surfaces, or skin lesions. The agents transmitted by this route span bacteria su…
Sexual transmission of infections is the process by which pathogenic microorganisms pass between individuals through sexual activity, including vaginal, anal, and oral contact, via exposure to infected genital secretions, blood, mucosal surfaces, or skin lesions. The agents transmitted by this route span bacteria such as those causing syphilis, gonorrhea, and chlamydia; viruses including HIV, herpes simplex virus, and human papillomavirus; and parasitic organisms. Transmission efficiency depends on pathogen-specific characteristics, the type and frequency of sexual exposure, the presence of genital ulceration or inflammation, mucosal integrity, and host susceptibility, with co-existing infections often facilitating acquisition and spread. Many infections can be transmitted during asymptomatic phases, which complicates control because individuals may be unaware they are infectious. Beyond person-to-person spread, some agents are transmitted vertically from mother to child during pregnancy or delivery, as exemplified by congenital syphilis. Interrupting sexual transmission relies on barrier protection such as condoms, reduction of concurrent partners, vaccination where available, regular screening and prompt treatment, and partner notification to break transmission chains. Epidemiological and laboratory studies that measure prevalence and trends inform the design of prevention programs and the targeting of higher-risk populations. Understanding sexual transmission therefore integrates microbiology, host biology, behavior, and public-health intervention to limit the spread of these infections.
6 peer-reviewed articles, ranked by relevance. Each links to its DOI.