Insulin resistance is a state in which target tissues, principally skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue, respond inadequately to insulin, so that higher circulating concentrations of the hormone are required to maintain normal glucose uptake and suppress hepatic glucose output. The resulting compensatory hyper…
Insulin resistance is a state in which target tissues, principally skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue, respond inadequately to insulin, so that higher circulating concentrations of the hormone are required to maintain normal glucose uptake and suppress hepatic glucose output. The resulting compensatory hyperinsulinaemia can sustain normoglycaemia for a time, but progressive beta-cell failure leads to impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Mechanistically it involves impaired insulin signalling, ectopic and visceral fat accumulation, lipotoxicity, and chronic low-grade inflammation, and it is closely linked to obesity, dyslipidaemia, hypertension, and the broader metabolic syndrome, as well as to conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome. Insulin sensitivity is assessed using fasting indices, dynamic clamp techniques, and surrogate measures that help distinguish insulin-sensitive from insulin-resistant phenotypes, including among individuals of similar adiposity. Because it is substantially modifiable, management emphasises weight reduction, dietary change, and physical activity, with pharmacological and nutritional approaches under investigation. Research relevant to this topic examines the interplay of glucose and insulin in tissue regulation, the effects of dietary patterns, supplements, and exercise on insulin sensitivity, and the metabolomic and biochemical signatures that characterise the transition toward diabetes and related metabolic disease.
12 peer-reviewed articles, ranked by relevance. Each links to its DOI.
The 12 articles above have been cited 22 times in the scholarly literature. Citation data via OpenAlex and Crossref, updated Jun 2026.
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