Author Contributions
Academic Editor: Roman Kireev, PhD, Senior Researcher, Spain.
Checked for plagiarism: Yes
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Copyright © 2019 Leonardo Formigli, et al.
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Competing interests
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Citation:
Letter
Sir,
we describe here a possible new treatment for the prevention or reduction of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS), when using the In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) technique. This syndrome may occur, with various degrees of severity leading even to life threatening situations, in patients being administered ovarian stimulation drugs for assisted reproductive procedures, with the aim to obtain many oocytes and increase the chance of success1.
In IVF, with the advent of the very successful vitrification procedure2, it is now possible to avoid late OHSS by freezing all embryos and postponing Embryo Transfer (ET) to a subsequent cycle. In fact, late OHSS may only occur if ET is performed during the IVF cycle, in patients getting pregnant. However OHSS may still occur during the two luteal weeks between Oocyte Pick Up (OPU) and the menses.
The cystic enlargement of the ovaries and particularly the high number of corpora lutea which develop during these stimulated cycles are thought to be responsible for the release of vasoactive substances such as the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) which are implicated in increasing vascular permeability3. This causes a massive fluid shift from the intravascular bed to the third compartment, giving rise to the OHSS.
The usual treatment of the syndrome is symptomatic: i.v. albumin to replace the albumin lost in the third space with the aim to increase the plasma onchotic pressure; administration of heparin to avoid thromboembolism due to the haemoconcentration and i.v. fluids to reduce haemoconcentration. Cabergoline4 has been found to partially inhibit the VEGF receptor 2 phosphorilation levels and associated vascular permeability: the efficacy of this drug seems to be higher in mild cases of OHSS.
Misoprostol is a prostaglandin analogue used for the treatment of peptic ulcer; it is also widely used off label since decades for starting labour, just prior to uterine dilation and curettage, before hysteroscopy and as an abortifacient. Prostaglandins are also used in cattle breeding as luteolytic agents for synchronizing cows’ cycles for artificial reproduction5.
We thought to take advantage of this luteolytic property of prostaglandins in order to induce luteolysis in patients undergoing IVF, where it was decided to vitrify all embryos, since their ovaries were heavily stimulated and there was a risk of OHSS. We submitted the protocol to our Ethic Committee and obtained its approval.
All patients undergoing OPU came back to the Centre 2 days later and were checked by ultrasound and clinical examination. If there was any sign or symptom that OHSS may have developped such as stomach-ache, abdominal pain, nausea or vomiting, breathing difficulties, presence of free fluid – more than 3 cm vertically - in the Douglas pouch, ovarian diameter greater than 7 cm, pleural effusion, it was decided to freeze all embryos, cancel the Embryo Transfer and administer Misoprostol (prostaglandin E1, tablets – Cytotec, Pfizer), 800 mcg in a single vaginal administration that same day. It was decided to use Misoprostol as a prostaglandin because of its low cost, simple vaginal administration and availability in Madagascar where our Centre is located.
Patients Signed an Informed Consent form.
We observed that almost all patients had considerably improved subjectively or objectively, starting from the day after Cytotec administration. Two patients however did not improve and we administered a second dose 48 hours after the first one and they also recovered soon. What impressed us was the short delay between Misoprostol administration and the improvement of the patients’ conditions. It is tempting to speculate that Misoprostol administered vaginally reaches the ovaries through a ‘first pass’ and promptly induces an at least partial luteolytic effect thus stopping the chain of events leading to a full blown OHSS.
So far 10 Cases Were Performed, all Successful.
A particularly interesting application of this OHSS preventive strategy is for oocyte donors, who undergo ovarian stimulation and OPU, but are not transferred any embryo.
Misoprostol should not be used for infertile patients undergoing other assisted reproductive techniques such as ovarian stimulation coupled with natural intercourse, insemination, Gamete Intra Fallopian Transfer (GIFT) and similar techniques, since Misoprostol may induce an abortion in such cases.
In conclusion, intravaginal administration of Cytotec coupled with “all embryos” vitrification may avoid OHSS during the luteal phase of IVF cycles. Cytotec should be used only with in vitrotechniques, where embryos are produced extracorporeally. It is important to stress that no embryo should be transferred during those IVF cycles and ETs should be postponed to subsequent cycles. Oocyte donors are very suitable for this OHSS preventive strategy since they undergo ovarian stimulation and OPU, but not ET.
Misoprostol should not be used with in vivo assisted reproduction techniques, whenever fertilization takes place intracorporeally, since Misoprostol is a powerful abortifacient.
This is a preliminary investigation since 10 cases were performed so far, all successful and we are planning to start a case control study to gauge in a more objective way the efficacy of this treatment.
References
- 1.Delvigne A, Rozenberg S. (2002) Epidemiology and prevention of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS): a review. Hum Reprod Update. 8, 559-77.
- 2. (2009) Vitrification versus slow freezing gives excellent survival post warming embryo morphology and pregnancy outcomes for human cleaved embryos. , J Assist Reprod Genet 26(6), 347-54.
- 3.Kumar P, Sait S, Sharma A, Kumar M. (2011) Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. , J Hum Reprod Sci 4(2), 70-75.