Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are somatic cells that have been reprogrammed to an embryonic-like pluripotent state, typically by forced expression of a defined set of transcription factors such as OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, and c-MYC. The resulting cells reacquire the capacity for indefinite self-renewal and the abi…
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are somatic cells that have been reprogrammed to an embryonic-like pluripotent state, typically by forced expression of a defined set of transcription factors such as OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, and c-MYC. The resulting cells reacquire the capacity for indefinite self-renewal and the ability to differentiate into derivatives of all three germ layers, recapitulating key properties of embryonic stem cells without requiring an embryo as a source. This reprogramming reactivates the endogenous pluripotency network, and OCT4 expression in particular can be fine-tuned by regulatory inputs including microRNAs acting at its promoter. Because patient-derived iPSCs carry the donor genome, they provide renewable, individualised material for disease modelling, drug screening, and toxicity assessment. iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes underpin calcium-transient assays and in vitro cardiotoxicity and safety-testing platforms that evaluate candidate compounds, while iPSC-derived neural cells transplanted onto biocompatible scaffolds are used to model three-dimensional tissue regeneration such as post-stroke neural recovery. Realising clinical promise depends on reprogramming efficiency, genomic and epigenetic stability, controlled differentiation, and the ethical considerations surrounding regenerative cell therapies. Research spans the mechanisms of reprogramming, the fidelity of iPSC-derived tissues, and their translation toward regenerative medicine.
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